. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 404 ANGIOSPERMA E—DICO TYLEDONES bend over the matured stigmas in such a way that autogamy would seem to be inevitable. Andersson and Hesselman observed an apetalous variety, in which the petals were modified into stamens, the pollen of which was partially abnormal. Visitors.—Numerous flies were observed by Lindman on the Dovrefjeld. As frequent visitors in Spitzbergen Holmgren noticed the Ichneumonids Hemiteles septentrionalis Holmgr., and Orthocentrus pede
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 404 ANGIOSPERMA E—DICO TYLEDONES bend over the matured stigmas in such a way that autogamy would seem to be inevitable. Andersson and Hesselman observed an apetalous variety, in which the petals were modified into stamens, the pollen of which was partially abnormal. Visitors.—Numerous flies were observed by Lindman on the Dovrefjeld. As frequent visitors in Spitzbergen Holmgren noticed the Ichneumonids Hemiteles septentrionalis Holmgr., and Orthocentrus pedestris Holmgr.; also a Muscid, Aricia (Chortophila) megastoma Bohem. On seven different days of July and August Ekstam saw many small Diptera in Spitzbergen. 957. S. rivularis L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjobenhavn, xvi, 1888, pp. 7- 10.)—The inconspicuous flowers of this boreal and arctic species are, according to Lindman and Warming, at first slightly protogynous, and afterwards homogamous, self-pollination being easily possible. Fruits are set early and rapidly. Warming observed purely female plants with vestigial stamens in Spitzbergen. Andersson and Hesselman describe the species as flowering in Spitzbergen from the beginning of July to the end of August; in Beeren Island open blossoms were noticed in favourable spots as early as June 18 (' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' pp. 29-30). The pollen is normally developed, and fruits appear to ripen regularly. Ekstam says that in Spitzbergen the flowers are odourless, white or pale red in colour (bright red in some Beeren Island specimens),. Fig. 130. Saxifra^a stenapctah, Gaud, (after Herm. Miiller). A. Flower at the beginning of the first (male) stage. B. Flower towards the end of the same stage. C. Flower in the second (female) stage, in section, a, outer stamen ; it, nectary ; ov, ovary. and 6-8 mm. in diameter, or sometimes 5-10 mm. ('Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. Spitz- bergen,' pp. 17-18). In
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