Uzbekistan: The 10th century Ismail Samani mausoleum, Bukhara. Isma'il ibn Ahmad (Abu Ibrahim Ismail ibn Ahmad, d. November 907), also referred to as 'Amir Adil' (the Just Commander), was the Persian Samanid amir of Transoxiana (r. 892-907) and Khorasan (r. 900-907). His reign saw the emergence of the Samanids as a powerful force. He was the son of Ahmad ibn Asad and a descendant of Saman Khuda, the founder of the Samanid dynasty who renounced Zoroastrianism and embraced Islam. Ismail is considered the father of the Tajik nation. Bukhara was founded in 500 BCE in the area now called the Ark.

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