. Applied thermodynamics for engineers. sted from this cause. In this particular instance, theloss is exceptionally small. Besides this, the additional air friction through twoor more sets of valves and ports, and the extra mechanical friction due to a nmlti-plication of cylinders and reciprocating parts must be considered. Multi-stagecompression does not pay unless the intercooling is thoroughly effective. It seldompays when the pressure attained is low. Incidental advantages in multi-stageoperation arise from reduced mechanical stresses (Art. 462), higher volumetricefficiency (Art. 226), bet
. Applied thermodynamics for engineers. sted from this cause. In this particular instance, theloss is exceptionally small. Besides this, the additional air friction through twoor more sets of valves and ports, and the extra mechanical friction due to a nmlti-plication of cylinders and reciprocating parts must be considered. Multi-stagecompression does not pay unless the intercooling is thoroughly effective. It seldompays when the pressure attained is low. Incidental advantages in multi-stageoperation arise from reduced mechanical stresses (Art. 462), higher volumetricefficiency (Art. 226), better lubrication, and the removal of moisture by precipita-tion during the intercooling. 207. Types of Intercoolers. The external vessel of Art. 205 is called theintercooler. It consists usually of a riveted or cast-iron cylindrical shell, with cast- INTERCOOLING 119 iron heads. Inside are straight tubes of brass or wrought iron, running betweensteel tube sheets. The back tube sheet is often attached to a stiff cast-iron inter- Am INLCT. Fig. 72. Art. 207. — Allis-Chalmers Horizontal Intercooler. nal head, so that the tubes, sheet, and headare free to move as the tubes expand(Fig. 72). The air entering the shell sur-rounds the tubes and is compelled by bafflesto cross the tube space on its way to the out-let. Any moisture precipitated is drainedofE at the pipe a. The water is guided tothe tubes by internally projecting ribs onthe heads, which cause it to circulate fromend to end of the intercooler, several of ample volume, as it should be, theintercooler serves as a receiver or storagetank. The one illustrated is mounted ina horizontal position. A vertical type isshown in Fig. 73. The funnel provides amethod of ascertaining at all times whetherwater is flowing. 208. Aftercoolers. In mostmanufacturing plants, the pres-ence of moisture in the air is ob-jectionable, on account of thedifficulty of lubrication of airtools, and because of the rapid de-struction of the rubbe
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