. Bulletin. Science; Natural history; Natural history. GNATCATCHER SUBSPECIES LIMITS 123 X w Q D PL, 12 11- io- 9" 8" 7" 6 51 4" BRSTP ~i 1 1 1 1 r 34°00' LA23 27 00 SI29 25 00 MA30 32 30 SD24 31 30 ST25 29 30 BG27 23 30 LP31 30 00 ER26 28 30 PP28 [E: o 3 TARTOE 34°00' LA23 31 30 ST25 23 30 LP31 30 00 ER26 32 30 SD24 28 30 PP28 29 30 BG27 25 00 MA30 27 00 SI29 —I 1 1 1 1 1— 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 LATITUDE (°N) Fig. 4. Examples of geographic variation in characters included in Clusters 5 (BRSTP) and 6 (TARTOE). See legend to Figure 2 for further e
. Bulletin. Science; Natural history; Natural history. GNATCATCHER SUBSPECIES LIMITS 123 X w Q D PL, 12 11- io- 9" 8" 7" 6 51 4" BRSTP ~i 1 1 1 1 r 34°00' LA23 27 00 SI29 25 00 MA30 32 30 SD24 31 30 ST25 29 30 BG27 23 30 LP31 30 00 ER26 28 30 PP28 [E: o 3 TARTOE 34°00' LA23 31 30 ST25 23 30 LP31 30 00 ER26 32 30 SD24 28 30 PP28 29 30 BG27 25 00 MA30 27 00 SI29 —I 1 1 1 1 1— 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 LATITUDE (°N) Fig. 4. Examples of geographic variation in characters included in Clusters 5 (BRSTP) and 6 (TARTOE). See legend to Figure 2 for further explanation. 4); in BRSTP, a sharp break in the pattern of variation occurred between 28°30'N and 27°N, and both characters showed some indication of a secondary step be- tween 25°N and 23°30'N latitude. Clusters 4 (BWID, BDEP) and 7 (BLEN) showed no evident pattern of variation throughout the species' geographic range (Fig. 5). To summarize similarities and differences among the 9 sample areas, I per- formed 2 UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages) cluster analyses using (1) 9 variables that were selected using stepwise discriminant function analysis (P = ) as being those characters most effective in separating the 9 sample areas, and (2) 22 variables that had been used in a similar, multi- species analysis presented in Atwood (1988). Each of the resulting phenograms (Fig. 6) was structurally identical, with the principal dichotomy occurring between sample areas located north and south of 30°N latitude; a second major dichotomy also occurred between area LP31, located south of 25°N latitude, and other sample areas located south of 30°N latitude (MA30, SI29, PP28, BG27). Both phenograms. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Southern California Academy of Sc
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