. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. had inventions of great practical utility came to aid theBritish manufacturer in his contest for the worlds markets. In 1769, James Watttook out his first pa-tent looking towarda really effective sta-tionary steam small engine couldsoon accomplish morethan one hundred ma-chines worked merelyby hand power. Otherinventions were al-most equally revolu-tionary. Ini767,Har-greaves devised thespinning-jenny, whichwas soon destined tobanish the old spin-dle-and-distaff, and spinning-wheel of earlier days, and two y
. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. had inventions of great practical utility came to aid theBritish manufacturer in his contest for the worlds markets. In 1769, James Watttook out his first pa-tent looking towarda really effective sta-tionary steam small engine couldsoon accomplish morethan one hundred ma-chines worked merelyby hand power. Otherinventions were al-most equally revolu-tionary. Ini767,Har-greaves devised thespinning-jenny, whichwas soon destined tobanish the old spin-dle-and-distaff, and spinning-wheel of earlier days, and two years later Arkwrightproduced his celebrated spinning-frame, which perfectedand completed Hargreavess device; then, to crown all, in 1785, 1 Newcomen had invented (1704) a kind of a steam engine, but about its onlypractical value was for pumping. Watt improved it so that it could be made toturn wheels and so develop power. Watts first engine of 1769 was still only asuperior kind of pump. About 1785, he began to build stationary enginesthat could drive WATTS STEAM ENGINE IN 1780 ENGLAND UNDER THE GEORGES 367 Cartwright invented the power-loom, which was (after a periodof introduction) as great a boon to weavers as the jenny was to spinners. In 1792, an American, Eli Whitney, addedto these inventions the cotton-gin, which rapidly separated thecotton-seed from the raw cotton and left the latter ready forthe mill. Other innovations notably improved the smeltingand working of iron, and wrought an entire change in all theindustries connected with All these inventions slowly but steadily produced a greatsocial and economic reaction as the nineteenth century beganto advance. Manufacturing ceased to be a matter for a mas-ter with a few apprentices in his shop. Instead, therewere huge factories, with hundreds of hired hands tendingmachinery owned by wealthy capitalists. The farming interestof England became stationary, and then, after the wars withNapoleon ended, stead
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