Circassian Russia Russian soldier traditional dress military army Turkic Cherkess Çerkes North Caucasus Adyghe Muhajirism exodu
Illustrated travels a record of discovery geography and adventure edited by h w bates assistant secretary of the royal geographical society with engravings from original drawings by celebrated artists cassell petter and & galpin London paris new york The Russian-Circassian War (1763? - 1864) (sometimes Russo-Circassian War) is a term of recent advent[citation needed] referring to a series of battles and wars in Circassia, the northwestern part of the Caucasus, which were part of the Russian Empire's conquest of the Caucasus lasting approximately 150 years, starting under the reign of Tsar Peter the Great and being completed in 1864. Although the conquest of the Caucasus started at least as early as the Russo-Persian War, the term Caucasian War commonly refers only to the period 1817-1864. Those who use the term Russian-Circassian War take its starting date as 1763, when the Russians began establishing forts, including at Mozdok, to be used as springboards for conquest.[5] The Caucasian War ended with the signing of loyalty oaths by Circassian leaders on June 2, 1864 (May 21, ). Thereupon, Russia undertook the expulsion of the entire indigenous Circassian population, herding them to Black Sea ports for deportation to neighboring Anatolia, the heart of the Ottoman Empire. A relative few were offered the choice of being resettled elsewhere within Russia, an offer rarely accepted. [6] [7] and ended up in modern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Kosovo). Various Russian, Caucasus, and Western historians agree on the figure of ca. 500,000 inhabitants of the highland Caucasus being deported by Russia in the 1860s [8] A large fraction of them died in transit from disease.
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Photo credit: © Alan King engraving / Alamy / Afripics
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