. The animans and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. r ankle; the gliding joint, asthe wrist and knee joints; and the pivotjoint as exhibited by the articulation ofaxis and atlas in the neck. Figure 171 FIG. 170. Humerus,shows a perfect example of a ball and bisected length-socket joint, the hip joint. On the left,the femur is shown held in place by bandsof strong ligaments (H L) attaching it tothe pelvic bone, and so arranged as togive perfect freedom of movement. Onthe right, these bands have been cut away to show the r z/f&i&•^•f-- *&**?&.. ^^3£2**< wise, a
. The animans and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. r ankle; the gliding joint, asthe wrist and knee joints; and the pivotjoint as exhibited by the articulation ofaxis and atlas in the neck. Figure 171 FIG. 170. Humerus,shows a perfect example of a ball and bisected length-socket joint, the hip joint. On the left,the femur is shown held in place by bandsof strong ligaments (H L) attaching it tothe pelvic bone, and so arranged as togive perfect freedom of movement. Onthe right, these bands have been cut away to show the r z/f&i&•^•f-- *&**?&.. ^^3£2**< wise, a, marrow-cavity; b, hardbone; c, spongybone; d, articularcartilage. (AfterMartin.) 336 THE ANIMALS AND MAN rounded head of the femur (F) fitting exactly into thesocket and attached to its base by the capsular lig-aments. The surface of the ball and of the socket are each coveredwith a smooth elastic cartilage to prevent friction. Cover-ing the inside of the ligaments there is a thin membrane,the synovial membrane, which secretes a thick viscid fluid. FIG. 171. Articulation of pelvis and hip-joint seen from before. (Theanterior half of the capsular ligament of the left hip-joint has beenremoved and the femur rotated outwards.) F, femur; H L, capsularligament of hip-joint; S, sacrum; L, vertebral ligament inserted onsacrum; L I, ligaments inserted on vertebrae. (After Allen Thomson.) called synovial fluid. This acts as a lubricating fluid forjoints. In a hinge joint, as at the elbow, the bones are so connectedas to admit of motion in only two directions, like a doorupon hinges. Dislocation, fractures and sprains.—A dislocation occurswhen the bones of a joint are forced out of place. The bonesmust be replaced at once by a physician. In the meantimethe pain may be relieved by hot or ice cold applications. THE SKELETON AND MUSCLES 337 Fractures.—A fracture is a break in a bone, and usuallyinjures the periosteum and other tissues connected with thebone. In an accident of thi
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