. Electric railway journal . of the spring in relation tothe pivot or bearing points and may be set at any rea-sonable amount. If the spring is placed back of theline of bearing, the outer end of the shoe is caused torise and it then becomes suitable for use on an under-running rail. In case both an underrunning and over-running shoe is desired, two pivot points are used. Theease of replacement of this shoe is a point in its favoras it may be replaced in a few seconds with the useof the hands only. It has been adapted and is used onthe Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, New York, and theNorthwestern
. Electric railway journal . of the spring in relation tothe pivot or bearing points and may be set at any rea-sonable amount. If the spring is placed back of theline of bearing, the outer end of the shoe is caused torise and it then becomes suitable for use on an under-running rail. In case both an underrunning and over-running shoe is desired, two pivot points are used. Theease of replacement of this shoe is a point in its favoras it may be replaced in a few seconds with the useof the hands only. It has been adapted and is used onthe Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, New York, and theNorthwestern Pacific Railroad, San Francisco. A HOME-MADE FENDER BY JOHN JOHNSTONE, GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT BILL-INGS TRACTION COMPANY Views of Contact Shoes of Over-Running and Under-Running Types that he calls attention to several faults in various typesof contact shoes. To correct these defects, I patentedseveral years ago the detachable shoe illustrated in theaccompanying drawing. As will be seen no machine work is necessary, no. Fender of Billings TractionCompany in Normal Posi-tion for Use Fender Folded and Raisedin Order to ClearCoupler lubrication is required and no shunts are used; also incase an obstruction is met the shoe is easily pulled outof place and not broken, and may be used again. Animportant item is the saving in the space required by The writer has recently designed and constructed foruse on all cars of the Billings (Mont.) Traction Com-pany the fender which is illustrated herewith in threedifferent positions and in a detailed drawing. Thecomplete fender is easy to handle, as it weighs onlyabout 50 lb., and it is cheap to construct. The cost ofthe material was approximately $, while the laborper fender can be placed at, say, $4. For instance, thewriter made one himself in one day of eight hours. A description of the fender fol-lows : The frame of the fender ismade of %-in. black iron pipecovered with heavy framing is joined at thecorners with %-in. bla
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