. Elementary botany. Botany. 354 RELA TION TO EKVIRONMENT. tion of the problem in the relation of the shoot to aerial en- vironment, stem and leaf have in most cases cooperated;* but in view of the great varietv of stems and tlieir modifications, as well as of lea\-es, it will Ije convenient to discuss them in separate chapters. 693. (2d) Shoots without foliage leaves.âIdiese are subter- ranean or aerial. Nearly all sul)terranean shoots ha\'e also aerial shoots, the latter being for the display' of foliage leaves (foliage shoots), and also for tire displav of tlowers (flower ). The subt
. Elementary botany. Botany. 354 RELA TION TO EKVIRONMENT. tion of the problem in the relation of the shoot to aerial en- vironment, stem and leaf have in most cases cooperated;* but in view of the great varietv of stems and tlieir modifications, as well as of lea\-es, it will Ije convenient to discuss them in separate chapters. 693. (2d) Shoots without foliage leaves.âIdiese are subter- ranean or aerial. Nearly all sul)terranean shoots ha\'e also aerial shoots, the latter being for the display' of foliage leaves (foliage shoots), and also for tire displav of tlowers (flower ). The subterranean kinds bear scale lea\'es, , the leaves not having a light relation are reduced in size, being small, and they lack chlorophyll. F,.\amples are found in Solomon's seal, man-. ^ V Burruwmg t\'pe. the mandrake, a " ; drake (fig. 41,317), etc. Here the scale lca\es are on the bud at the end of the underground stem from wliicli the foliage shoot arises. Aerial shoots vliich lack foliage lca\'es are the dodder, Indian pipe-])lant, beech drops, etc. These plants are sapro- phytes or parasites (see Chapter IX). ])eri\-ing their carbo- h)-drate food from other li\ing plants, or from lumuis, tliev do not need green lea\'es. The lea\es have, tliercforc, probably been reduced in size to mere scales, and acconi|)anving this there has been a of the cliloroplull. ( )llicr interesting e.\- amples of aerial slioots without loliagc lca\cs arc tlie lacti where â ^- If is interesting to note Iliat in si mir fnliaL^^e .sIkhiIs tlii' stiaii is rntirelv suhtci'raiKan. S(.a- (list nssion of the liratktn fciai and SLaisiti\'e fcni in fliaptur Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York : H. Holt
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