The United States of Colombia (Estados Unidos de Colombia (1863-1886). Official denomination adopted in 1863 by the Rionegro Constitution for the Granadine Confederation, after years of civil war. Colombia became a federal state itself composed of nine sovereign states. Field studies for the Panama Canal construction project. Definitive studies for the drilling of the isthmus of Panama. The Engineering Commission in the scientific station of Paraiso. Engraving by Bernardo Rico (1825-1894). La Ilustracion Española y Americana, 1881.

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