. California fish and game. Fisheries -- California; Game and game-birds -- California; Fishes -- California; Animal Population Groups; Pêches; Gibier; Poissons. 156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Mod. grazing Hvy grazing Distance from cattle Ung Mod Hvy Dist. from cattle activity center Figure 4. a) Expected and observed distances (± 1 SE) of female mule deer from cattle under moderate (Mod) and heavy (Hvy) grazing based on radio-locations of both species, b) Mean distances of deer radio- locations from the point which constituted the activity centers of cattle in each range unit (under moderate a
. California fish and game. Fisheries -- California; Game and game-birds -- California; Fishes -- California; Animal Population Groups; Pêches; Gibier; Poissons. 156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. Mod. grazing Hvy grazing Distance from cattle Ung Mod Hvy Dist. from cattle activity center Figure 4. a) Expected and observed distances (± 1 SE) of female mule deer from cattle under moderate (Mod) and heavy (Hvy) grazing based on radio-locations of both species, b) Mean distances of deer radio- locations from the point which constituted the activity centers of cattle in each range unit (under moderate and heavy grazing) during each of the three grazing levels, McCormick Creek Basin, CA 1983-85. the three grazing levels (Fig. 4). Hence, female mule deer did not shift their area use patterns to be closer to preferred habitats during the one-of-three years that their range unit was not grazed by cattle. Study deer were grouped into one of four classes based on their average distance from cattle. The two groups of study deer that were nearest to cattle (these groups were a mean distance of 420 and 520 m from cattle) exhibited frequency distributions that were highly skewed-right {P < ), indicating a tendency toward cattle avoidance (Fig. 5). As mean distance from cattle increased (, groups an average 610 and 700 m away), the distributions of distance values tended towards normality although some skewness was still evident {P < ). Deer that were "unaffected" by cattle because of distance {x = 930 m) also had a skewed right distribution (P < ). Overall, the effect of cattle on deer space use diminished greatly when they were separated by an average distance of about 600 m or more (Fig. 6, see also Fig. 4). Analysis of spatial-temporal interaction in areas shared by 18 deer and cattle pairs provided results similar to the distance association results. Deer were spatially attracted (P < ) to shared areas in 7 of 18 cases (A,B,H,I,J,K,L), an
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