. Spons' dictionary of engineering, civil, mechanical, military, and naval; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish . ever, it will be necessary to refer briefly to the principal modes ofconstruction hitherto adopted, and to consider the peculiar phenomena by which such structuresare affected. The most common mode of forming breakwaters is the pierre perdue, or long-slope is simply the deposit in the sea of a vast amount of loose rubble stone, rising to about thelevel of high water, allowing it to take its own level, and to be acted upon by the sea until itssec
. Spons' dictionary of engineering, civil, mechanical, military, and naval; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish . ever, it will be necessary to refer briefly to the principal modes ofconstruction hitherto adopted, and to consider the peculiar phenomena by which such structuresare affected. The most common mode of forming breakwaters is the pierre perdue, or long-slope is simply the deposit in the sea of a vast amount of loose rubble stone, rising to about thelevel of high water, allowing it to take its own level, and to be acted upon by the sea until itssection assumes the permanent form which this action gives it. The seaward side obeys the lawsof ordinary sea beaches, and forms itself into a long sloping shore, involving the employment of anenormous amount of material before the mound reaches the height to give the required a system is only applicable where stone is abundant, and can consequently be deposited at acheap rate. Of this system the Plymouth, Cherbourg, and Holyhead breakwaters may be taken asexamples. Figs. 3887, 3888. 3887. I W ORDINAR Y SPRINGS SEA FACE. In situations where stone is not abundant, the opposite principle, called the vertical system, isadopted. In this mode the walls are built upright from the bottom ; and as all the material belowlow water is put in place by diving apparatus, and is of an expensive nature, the cost of a workexecuted in this way is very great. The Dover Breakwater, in course of construction, is the mostprominent example. It is built up solid from the bottom of the sea, the exterior facing being ofashlar granite blocks rebated, or checked into each other, and the hearting of rectangular blocksof concrete, built in the same way as ashlar masonry up to the level of high water, above which itis filled in with liquid concrete. Fig. 3875. Besides these systems, which may be taken as the extremes, an intermediate form of section,combining both to a certain extent, is adopted
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