. Philippine life in town and country. nos who remain faithful to Rome and herinstitutions to-day are in the main, though notwholly, the element of Filipinos who were pro-Spanish to the last, whose connection with Span-ish blood and Spanish society in the islands wasclosest, and who are to-day, as formerly, not inclose sympathy with the new popular aspirationsof the Filipinos. There are notable exceptions to this rule of a test of faith/ but it is a rule nevertheless. Onephase of the reform propaganda carried on inSpain and in the islands during the last years ofSpanish rule was the formation


. Philippine life in town and country. nos who remain faithful to Rome and herinstitutions to-day are in the main, though notwholly, the element of Filipinos who were pro-Spanish to the last, whose connection with Span-ish blood and Spanish society in the islands wasclosest, and who are to-day, as formerly, not inclose sympathy with the new popular aspirationsof the Filipinos. There are notable exceptions to this rule of a test of faith/ but it is a rule nevertheless. Onephase of the reform propaganda carried on inSpain and in the islands during the last years ofSpanish rule was the formation of lodges of Span-ish Masonry; it need hardly be said, for thosewho are at all familiar with the course whichMasonry, genuine or not, has taken in the Latincountries, that there was involved in this move-ment in the Philippines a considerable degree ofopposition to the Church itself, as well as espe-cially to the monastic orders of the pages glitter with sarcasms on the Churchand its observances, which the somewhat shad-. FAUSTINO QUILLERMO, ONE OF THE NOTED QUASI-POLITICAL BANDIT CHIEFS OF THE LAST FEW YEARS, IN THE HANDS OF THE CONSTABULARY BEFORE HIS EXECUTION, BY HANGING, IN 1903 The Religious Question 157 owed retraction wrung from him by his old Jesuitteachers in the last hours of his life can not robof their significance. As in the Latin countriesof Europe, so in the Philippines, the forms andteachings of the Church which so long stood forauthority having once been called in question byindependent minds, their next course leads themalmost directly to free-thinking. To this extent,the friars were right in declaring that the reformpropaganda, directed primarily against them, wasreally aimed against the Church and against thetraditional Spanish religion. It was all Free-Masonry, in their view, that was upheavingPhilippine society, and they ignorantly regardedthe Katipunan also as Masonic. This was simplyan extension of the idea of secret associationamong the m


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