The modern world, from Charlemagne to the present time; with a preliminary survey of ancient times . f the Concordat, norsolve the bonds of matrimony between Jerome Bonaparte andhis American wife (note to § 600). In 1808 Napoleon orderedRome to be occupied by French troops. The next year, fromconquered Vienna, he issued a decree abolishing the PapalStates. Thereupon Pius VII excommunicated the FrenchEmperor. Napoleon made light of this act of the pope,^ never-theless he ordered the aged pontiff to be carried off to France,where he was kept prisoner until Napoleons downfall. c. The Illyrian Pro
The modern world, from Charlemagne to the present time; with a preliminary survey of ancient times . f the Concordat, norsolve the bonds of matrimony between Jerome Bonaparte andhis American wife (note to § 600). In 1808 Napoleon orderedRome to be occupied by French troops. The next year, fromconquered Vienna, he issued a decree abolishing the PapalStates. Thereupon Pius VII excommunicated the FrenchEmperor. Napoleon made light of this act of the pope,^ never-theless he ordered the aged pontiff to be carried off to France,where he was kept prisoner until Napoleons downfall. c. The Illyrian Provinces were made a French dependency(§ 603). d. Most radical of all were the changes in Germany. Onaccount of their far-reaching consequences they merit a specialconsideration. 606. Condition of Germany before Napoleon. — Germany 1 What does the pope expect from denouncing me to Christendom?Does he imagine that their arms will fall from the hands of my soldiers?was the sneering remark of Napoleon. Three years later the arms literallyfell from the hands of his soldiers in the snows of §607] REORGANIZATION OP GERMANY 587 consisted of a large number of states, large and small, lay andecclesiastical. Their union into one empire was, ever since thePeace of Westphalia (§ 412), scarcely more than nominal, as theemperor (nearly always a member of the Hapsburg house) en-joyed very little authority outside of his own hereditary Holy Roman Empire was made up of (1) two great states, Austria and Prussia — but about half ofthe area of each was inhabited by non-German peoples ; (2) some thirty states of the second rank, like Bavaria, Saxony,Wiirtemberg; (3) about tiDO hundred and fifty petty states of the third order (many of them ruled by a bishop or abbot). Here we may placethe free cities of the empire, that is, cities that acknowledgedno authority but that of the Emperor; many of these stateswere xevy small, about one third of them having an area of notmore th
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