The physical geography of New York state . hanges, which is soclear, should offset skepticism concerning the possibility ofstill other future changes. The land is unstable, and thefuture has many changes in store, and perhaps the disap-pearance of Niagara may be one of these. 1 See references on p. 245. -Nat. Geoir. Map., VIII, 1897, 233-247; Eighteenth Annual Report U. S. , 1898, 595-647. CHAPTER IX NIAGARA —The Niagara River emerges from LakeErie, near Buffalo, a full-born river, and in its course toLake Ontario, a distance of about 30 miles, it receives onlyslight ad
The physical geography of New York state . hanges, which is soclear, should offset skepticism concerning the possibility ofstill other future changes. The land is unstable, and thefuture has many changes in store, and perhaps the disap-pearance of Niagara may be one of these. 1 See references on p. 245. -Nat. Geoir. Map., VIII, 1897, 233-247; Eighteenth Annual Report U. S. , 1898, 595-647. CHAPTER IX NIAGARA —The Niagara River emerges from LakeErie, near Buffalo, a full-born river, and in its course toLake Ontario, a distance of about 30 miles, it receives onlyslight additions to its supply of water, mainly from thesmall Touawauda and Chippewa Creeks. It is unlike mostrivers also in the fact that it is essentially free from sedi-ment load. The river leaves Erie as filtered water; and,thus robbed of cutting tools, under normal conditions wouldbe able to perform little work of valley formation. Itwould be able to act chemically, but could do almost nomechanical work, notwithstanding its immense FIG. 140. A birds-eye view of Niagara river showing the broad, quiet uppercourse, the cataract and the gorge below. As has been shown on page 12, and as is evidentfrom the accompanying maps (Figs. 4 and 141), the regionbetween Lakes Erie and Ontario consists of two plains,divided by an escarpment 200 feet high. The upper plain See Capt. Basil Hall, Travels in North America, Vol. I, Edinburgh, 1829,177-208; Gilbert, Sixth Annual Kept. Niagara Reservation Commission, 1890, 61-84;Physiography of United States, American Book Co., New York, 1896, 203-236; Grabau,Bull. New York State Museum No. 45 (Vol. 9), 1901. 2Blackwell (Amer. Jourii. Sci., XLVI, 1844, 67), estimates the volume of Niagarato be 22,440,000 cubic feet, or 1,402,500,000 pounds per minute. (266) passes beneath LakeErie, the lower be-neath Lake Ontario,where it is faced bya sublacustrine es-carpment. The es-carpment separatingthe upper and lowerplains is steeply slop-ing and is under
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