Flumes and fluming . here a practical knowledge of the comparativebenefits to be derived from having a steady or an even and moderategrade, considered in relation to cost, is of great value. The gradingof soil in knolls or hillocks or ridges along the prospective flume lineis advisable up to a certain point, if necessary to maintain a reason-ably steady grade for the flume. A careful preliminary survey fol-lowed by a location survey, using a transit and level, will make itpossible to obtain a reliably constructed profile map which will showto the prospective operator what the grading should be
Flumes and fluming . here a practical knowledge of the comparativebenefits to be derived from having a steady or an even and moderategrade, considered in relation to cost, is of great value. The gradingof soil in knolls or hillocks or ridges along the prospective flume lineis advisable up to a certain point, if necessary to maintain a reason-ably steady grade for the flume. A careful preliminary survey fol-lowed by a location survey, using a transit and level, will make itpossible to obtain a reliably constructed profile map which will showto the prospective operator what the grading should be at differentpoints of his line. It is always best to know just what the gradeis going to be when completed, and approximately what it isgoing to cost, before starting the construction work. No detailedestimate of the cost of survey is included here, for the reason thatthe wide range in conditions where flumes might be constructedwould make any set figures unreliable and possibly misleading. A FLUMES AND FLUMING, 13. 14 BULLETIN 87, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. reliable survey, however, is absolutely necessary, and a carefullyconstructed profile map highly desirable before construction cost of the completed survey would be comparable to that of abranch railway location. The blasting out of rocks and bowlders or projecting points ofbluffs is sometimes advisable and necessary in order to reduce curva-ture and allow the flume to run in as direct a line as possible. Thisreduces the danger of jamming and makes it possible to handlelonger material without its binding as a result of the ends press-ing against the lining of the flume on the outside of the curvewhile the middle of the stick presses against the lining on the what is necessary to be done in this respect can best be calculatedby using a carefully prepared profile map made from an actual sur-vey of the proposed flume line. The matter of grade in flume construction is one of great impor-tance. It i
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