. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG 23-5 Gallery pattern of a bark beetle in lodgepole pine: (a) nuptial chamber, (b) egg gallery, (c) egg niche (Reid 1955). northern states during the last 75 years and caused considerable defoliation and destruction of tamarack (Coppel and Leius 1955). The spruce budworm (a lepidopteran larva) feeding on the leaves has killed balsam fir and spruce trees on vast areas at repeated intervals in the past: 1807-18. 1870-80, 1904-14 (Swaine and Craighead 1924). and again in the 1940's Several kinds of bark beetles, wood borers, and long-horned beetles are also de
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG 23-5 Gallery pattern of a bark beetle in lodgepole pine: (a) nuptial chamber, (b) egg gallery, (c) egg niche (Reid 1955). northern states during the last 75 years and caused considerable defoliation and destruction of tamarack (Coppel and Leius 1955). The spruce budworm (a lepidopteran larva) feeding on the leaves has killed balsam fir and spruce trees on vast areas at repeated intervals in the past: 1807-18. 1870-80, 1904-14 (Swaine and Craighead 1924). and again in the 1940's Several kinds of bark beetles, wood borers, and long-horned beetles are also destructive forest insects. , ,? i r Beetles, ants, aphids, jumping plant lice, leaf- FIG. 23-6 Seasonal history of a baric beetle (Reld 1955). , OVER V^SnG MAV JUNE JULY _^U^JEPIJ^^!!^^:^. hoppers, and spiders, and invertebrates—notably snails, annelids, and millipedes—are not numerous over most of the biome (Rasmussen 1941, Hay ward 1945. Blake 1945). Most ground invertebrates have higher population densities in the serai aspen and birch stages than in the coniferous climax (Hofif 1957). Reptiles are few. only the garter snake ex- tends very far north. The northern wood frog, leop- ard frog, and mink frog are widely dispersed in suitable habitats throughout the boreal biociation. Because of its greater humidity and more equable temperatures, invertebrates and cold-blooded verte- brates are generally more numerous in the Coast for- est than elsewhere through the biome. HUMAN RELATIONS Only the lower, warmer portions of the coniferous forest biome are permanently inhabited in large numbers by white man throughout the year. Logging for pulpwood and lumber is an important occupation. Over the more rugged northern portions of the coniferous forest, the population is scattered and in North America, there are more Indians than whites, at the present time. The Indians engage in hunting and fur-trapping for support. Larger settle- ments of white men occur where minerals may be mined
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectanimalecology
