Iraq/Italy: 'Master Ububchaysm de Baldach (Ibn Butlan of Baghdad) seated at his desk'. Illustration from Ibn Butlan's Taqwim al-sihha or 'Maintenance of Health' (Baghdad, 11th century). published in Italy as the Tacuinum Sanitatis, 14th century. The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on health and well being, based on the Taqwim al‑sihha تقويم الصحة ('Maintenance of Health'), an eleventh-century Arab medical treatise by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. Ibn Butlân was a Christian physician born in Baghdad and who died in 1068.

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