. The student's manual of ancient geography, based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography. e difficult Pass of Beilan, and the rivers which must have beencrossed before reaching the Chains (Koiveik or river of Alepjjo). Theriver Daradax and the Castle of Belesis must have been met withclose to the Euphrates, although no mention is there made of the river:Belesis may be represented by the ruins of Balis, and the riverDaradax by a canal drawn from the Euphrates to the town. TheEuphrates was crossed at the ancient ford of Thapsacus, the later Sura,Sunyell, and the army entered on the pl
. The student's manual of ancient geography, based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography. e difficult Pass of Beilan, and the rivers which must have beencrossed before reaching the Chains (Koiveik or river of Alepjjo). Theriver Daradax and the Castle of Belesis must have been met withclose to the Euphrates, although no mention is there made of the river:Belesis may be represented by the ruins of Balis, and the riverDaradax by a canal drawn from the Euphrates to the town. TheEuphrates was crossed at the ancient ford of Thapsacus, the later Sura,Sunyell, and the army entered on the plain of Mesopotamia, whichXenophon (i. 5) calls Syria in this part as far as the river Araxes, betterknown as the Chabdras, Kliahur—Araxes being apparently an appel-lative for any river. Thenceforward the plain is termed Arabia (i. 5),as being occupied by Scenite Arabs : the Masca was merely a channelof the Euphrates surrounding the site of the town Corsote, Irzah ;Pylse was situated about 70 miles X. of Cunaxa, at the point wherethe plain and the mountains meet: Carmande may have been Hit, h 3. Chap. XIL ROUTE OF GREEKS UNDER XEXOPHOX. 227 Babylonia was now entered : Xenophon describes four canals as crossingthe plain from the Tigris to the Euphrates ; these may yet be dis-tinguished^ the third of them being the Xalir Malcha of modern does not give the name of the place where the battle wasfought; this is supplied by Plutarch, as Cunaxa, the exact jjosition ofwhich cannot be ascertained: Plutarch states that it was 50<J stades ornearly sixty miles from Babylon. After the battle the Greeks retreated northwards over the plains ofBabylon, by a somewhat circuitous route, until they reached theMedian Wall, the remains of which (named Sidd Ximritd, i. e. Wall ofXimrod) still be traced across the plain from the Euphrates tothe Tigiis, near Opis, m a north-easterly direction. This wall theyare said to have passed through ^ii. 4), but must have again passedthroug
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