. Bulletin. Ethnology. ^°No'!°7bf''^" APPALACHIAN REGION ANCIENT TRIBES—HOFFMAN 225. Map 10.—Components of the .Fort Ancient Aspect. gahela. The Mississippian influences are attenuated most in the Shenk's Ferry Aspect, but still give this culture a distinctive cast (Butler, 1939; Evans, 1955; Griffin, 1952; Manson, MacCord, and Griffin, 1944, p. 416; Mayer-Cakes, 1955, pp. 98-112, 155-162, 220- 224; Witthoft, 1954; 1955; Witthoft and Farver, 1952). The Monongahela Aspect is distributed over a large territory which includes eastern Ohio, northern West Virginia, and the western parts of Pen
. Bulletin. Ethnology. ^°No'!°7bf''^" APPALACHIAN REGION ANCIENT TRIBES—HOFFMAN 225. Map 10.—Components of the .Fort Ancient Aspect. gahela. The Mississippian influences are attenuated most in the Shenk's Ferry Aspect, but still give this culture a distinctive cast (Butler, 1939; Evans, 1955; Griffin, 1952; Manson, MacCord, and Griffin, 1944, p. 416; Mayer-Cakes, 1955, pp. 98-112, 155-162, 220- 224; Witthoft, 1954; 1955; Witthoft and Farver, 1952). The Monongahela Aspect is distributed over a large territory which includes eastern Ohio, northern West Virginia, and the western parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. The Monongahela Focus is largely west of the Appalachian Divide and the Luray Focus en- tu-ely east of the Divide (see map 11). Both foci are characterized by distinctive pottery vessels and pipe types, by certain kinds of beads, pendants, and projectile points, and the occurrence of heavily fortified hilltop villages displaying round stockades and houses, and central plazas. From his study of the Monongahela Focus Mayer-Oakes concluded that The abundance and relative richness of Monongahela sites imply that these peoples were probably the most numerous single group of Indians ever to live in the Upper Ohio Valley. The general excellence of pottery and other artifacts, control over environment and creation of leisure time indicate that the Monon- gahela villagers had reached a high level of adjustment to their natural surround- ings. . Warfare and military activities were an important aspect of life in Monongahela times. The very structure of the village indicates that ideas of protection were prevalent. Also many village situations, on hilltops and other. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington
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