. The progress of the Empire State a work devoted to the historical, financial, industrial, and literary development of New York. irman, to go into effect when the militaryoperations permitted, was adopted April 20, 1777. The Con-stitution was for its day liberal and judicious. John Jaywas appointed as chief justice, Robert R. Livingston as chan-cellor, and John Morin Scott was named as chairman of acommittee of safety to serve until the legal machinery couldbe set in motion. At the first election George Clinton waschosen governor, with Pierre Van Cortlandt lieutenant-governor. Clinton was to
. The progress of the Empire State a work devoted to the historical, financial, industrial, and literary development of New York. irman, to go into effect when the militaryoperations permitted, was adopted April 20, 1777. The Con-stitution was for its day liberal and judicious. John Jaywas appointed as chief justice, Robert R. Livingston as chan-cellor, and John Morin Scott was named as chairman of acommittee of safety to serve until the legal machinery couldbe set in motion. At the first election George Clinton waschosen governor, with Pierre Van Cortlandt lieutenant-governor. Clinton was to be seven times elected to thesame high office and was to become Vice-President ofthe United States. New York approved the Articles ofConfederation February 6, 1778. The hanging of NathanHale as an American spy and of Major Andre as an aid toBenedict Arnolds treason gave a tinge of personal tragedy tothe period, while Newburg was the scene of an attempt bysome officers to intimidate Congress, which was checked bythe sagacity of Washington. In framing the treaty of peaceJay was an active factor, as Alexander Hamilton, another. JOHN JACOB AS TOR. JOHN JACOB ASTOR Merchant and capitalist; w i , near Heidel- berg, Germany, Jnly 17, 1763. When sixteen yeawent to London and worked for four years in the piani 1his uncle, . of the firm of Astor & Braid Going to America, trade, which he learned thoroughly in the service of a Quakerfurrier. He th< out for himself, made favorable arrange- ments with fur hou idon, and soon became chief com- petitor of the Hudson Ray Company in the London settlement of Astoria was founded in 1811 at the mouth of theColumbia River. Mr. Astor organized the American Fur Co.,which built up an international tri ading to China and other Asiatic count: invested in government securities during the Civil War, when I :ig at from 60 to 70 cents on the dollar, and made s investments in real estate in New York I ting from time to time handsome structures on
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