. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. UNIVERSAL ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 105 ometers during normal weather but, in the vicinity of storms, effects which may be attibuted to these factors (particularly the last two) were observed by 0. H. Gish and G. R. Wait at considerably higher altitudes. The rate of ion formation q, when cosmic radiation is the only ionizing agent, depends on factors (1) and (2). Values for g as a function of altitude are shown in Fig. 1. These computed values are based on observations of cosmic radiation reported by Bowen, Millikan, and Neher and on average d
. Compendium of meteorology. Meteorology. UNIVERSAL ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 105 ometers during normal weather but, in the vicinity of storms, effects which may be attibuted to these factors (particularly the last two) were observed by 0. H. Gish and G. R. Wait at considerably higher altitudes. The rate of ion formation q, when cosmic radiation is the only ionizing agent, depends on factors (1) and (2). Values for g as a function of altitude are shown in Fig. 1. These computed values are based on observations of cosmic radiation reported by Bowen, Millikan, and Neher and on average data for temperature and pres- sure for each of the two latitudes. The value of q in- creases from a low value at sea level to a maximum at an altitude of 12 to 13 km. The maximum for the higher latitude is more than two times that for the lower lati- tude. 28 \ 1 1 'â 1 , \ \ - 20 16 \ V; -OMAHA, I (MAGNET C LATITUD E 5I°N) _ - ^ \ - >v \ 12 8 - N MADRAS, (MAGNETIC NDIA LATITUDE S'N) j - / y /^ -â ^ 4 0 /^ // / / " / / / / 1 1 1 - 0 10 20 RATE OF ION FORMATION 30 (ION-PAIRS 40 CM" ' SEC') 50 calculated from measured values of cosmic radiation and of temperature and pressure, the latter two observed during the flight. During this flight the conductivity in- â creased from the surface up to an altitude of 18 km (60,000 ft) where it was about 100 times the value at the surface. In the altitude range 18-22 km, it varied ir- regularly but in general decreased with altitude. This Fig. 1.âRate of ion formation by cosmic radiation for middle and low latitudes. (From data of Bowen, Millikan, and Neher.) An increase of conductivity with altitude was first shown by measurements of X made on twelve balloon flights during the period 1905-20. Eleven of these started in Germany and one in Russia. The maximum altitude at which measurements were made was less than 6 km except for one in which it was nearly 9 km. Continuous registration of X up to a maximum alti- tude
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