. Fourteen weeks in zoology. Zoology. 52 SUBKINGDOM VERTEBRATA. Fig. 69. ORDER UNGULATA. G-eneral Characteristics.—The distinguishing feature of this extensive order is that the toe-nails form hoofs. The Families differ in almost every other respect.* Ruminant Digestion.—.-The food of Euminants con- sists of vegetable matter, little nutritious, and hence demanded in large quantities. As they are in turn the food of carniv- orous animals, and their only safety lies in flight, while mastication is a work of time, they fill a large stomach- reservoir by rapid grazing, re-chewing its contents in a
. Fourteen weeks in zoology. Zoology. 52 SUBKINGDOM VERTEBRATA. Fig. 69. ORDER UNGULATA. G-eneral Characteristics.—The distinguishing feature of this extensive order is that the toe-nails form hoofs. The Families differ in almost every other respect.* Ruminant Digestion.—.-The food of Euminants con- sists of vegetable matter, little nutritious, and hence demanded in large quantities. As they are in turn the food of carniv- orous animals, and their only safety lies in flight, while mastication is a work of time, they fill a large stomach- reservoir by rapid grazing, re-chewing its contents in a place of security. The stomach is divided into four compartments. The food passes without mas- tication into the rumen (p), next into the reticulum (5), thence back through the oesophagus (o) to the mouth, where it is masticated ; then down the oesophagus a second time into the leaflet (/), and thence into the caillette (c) or true stomach. The mechanism by which the food goes through the same orifice at the bottom of the oesophagus, at one time into the rumen and at another into the leaflet, may well create surprise. The oesophagus is continued below in a tube (c a), with a slit on the under side whose lip-like edges shut water-tight, forming a passage from the oesophagus to the leaflet. If, however, the mouth- ful of food swallowed be large and solid, as it is when first eaten, it distends the tube, and, separating the edges of the slit, falls into the first stomach; but if it be soft and pulpy, as it is after being re-chewed, it does not force apart the edges. stomach of a Euminant. * Thope having the numher of toee even are styled Ariiodactyls^ and odd, Perisso The Artiodactyls that chew the cud are termed HuTnlnants,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Steele, Joel Dorman, 1836-1886. N
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1870, booksubjectzoology, bookyear1872
