. The Canadian field-naturalist. 500 1000 1500 2000 Hour Figure 1. Ratio of times Wolves left Ellesmere Island den area each hour divided by number of times observa- tions were made for each hour, based on five 500 1000 1500 2000 Hour Figure 2. Ratio of times Wolves returned to Ellesmere Island den area each hour divided by number of times observations were made for each hour, based on five summers. 1990, 1991, 1994, and 1996 and recorded times of departure from, and returns to, the den for the adult Wolves (including yearlings). We made the observa- tions from distances of 1-100 m a
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 500 1000 1500 2000 Hour Figure 1. Ratio of times Wolves left Ellesmere Island den area each hour divided by number of times observa- tions were made for each hour, based on five 500 1000 1500 2000 Hour Figure 2. Ratio of times Wolves returned to Ellesmere Island den area each hour divided by number of times observations were made for each hour, based on five summers. 1990, 1991, 1994, and 1996 and recorded times of departure from, and returns to, the den for the adult Wolves (including yearlings). We made the observa- tions from distances of 1-100 m away and usually continued to watch the Wolves travel until out of sight at least 1 km away and/or we remained observ- ing the den for at least an hour after departures. Further, we did not count data from excursions known to be food-transport trips from kills < 5 km away because such trips represented exceptions to the usual daily hunting routine. That is, when a large kill was nearby, the Wolves concentrated on making a series of food-transport trips rather than a single long hunting trip. Thus all departures that we includ- ed represented daily foraging trips rather than local exploratory jaunts or food-transport trips. From data forms we tabulated and summed group and individual departures and returns for each hour of the day, and we pooled the data from all years for each hour. Thus we gave group and individual departures the same weight. We adjusted departure and return data for hours of observation by summing the number of days each year the den was observed at each hour, and multiplying the number of observed departures and returns per hour by 1/this number. For example, if four departures were recorded between all 2000-2100-h periods in a given year, and we observed during this period 20 times that year, the adjusted value was 4/20 = We then pooled adjusted departures and returns for the five observation years and tested them by ANOVA against the following 6-h p
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