. The book of the garden. Gardening. 466 HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. or too rich," Downing remarks, " the pear is always liable to make late second growths, and its wood will often be caught unripened by an early winter. For this reason, this form of blight is vastly more extensive and destructive in the deep rich soils of the western states than in the dryer and poorer soils of the east. And this will always be the case in over-rich soils, unless the trees are planted on raised hillocks, or their luxuriance checked by ; Although the frozen-sap blight occurs to a much less
. The book of the garden. Gardening. 466 HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. or too rich," Downing remarks, " the pear is always liable to make late second growths, and its wood will often be caught unripened by an early winter. For this reason, this form of blight is vastly more extensive and destructive in the deep rich soils of the western states than in the dryer and poorer soils of the east. And this will always be the case in over-rich soils, unless the trees are planted on raised hillocks, or their luxuriance checked by ; Although the frozen-sap blight occurs to a much less extent in Britain, still its existence may be traced in situations where the tenderer pears are attempted to be cultivated, and espe- ciallyso when a sudden and early winter succeeds a damp and warm autumn, and less so when the Bummer has been dry, and the growth of the trees has been completed early. When the trees continue to grow to a late period in the autumn, which they often do in cold situations, where they are induced to make a second growth, and where, in consequence of being planted in too deep and too rich a soil, vegeta- tion is prolonged beyond its natural limits, strong and watery shoots are produced; and when in this state, the pear-shoots in many parts of Europe are as subject to this disease as they are in America. The varieties of pears which naturally ripen their wood early in the autumn are rarely attacked by this disease, and hardy ones, at least in Britain, are more certain to escape than the finer or more delicate sorts. Insects.—The pear is attacked by most of the insects that infest the apple tree. The Aphis lanigera lUig. EriosornM lanigera of more recent entomologists, however, rarely attacks it. Seve- ral of the insects we have described as destruc- tive apple tree are more or less to be found on the pear tree also. The following may be regarded as the principal enemies almost peculiar to the pear. The red-bud caterpillar, {ToHrix ocelJana,
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