An investigation of the flow of water through submerged orifices and pipes . y an elbow. Theheight of the water in each pipe was then measured by meansof a hook gauge reading to ft. The zero differencebetween the tv/o gauges was obtained by taking readings whenthe tank was full of water and none was flowing in or difference of the readings taken at any time duringthe flow of the water, subtracted from the zero difference,gives the effective head on the orifice or pipe. 6. Description of Orifices, Pipes, and Mouthpieces.—Table 1 gives a list of the orifices, pipes, and mouthpieces
An investigation of the flow of water through submerged orifices and pipes . y an elbow. Theheight of the water in each pipe was then measured by meansof a hook gauge reading to ft. The zero differencebetween the tv/o gauges was obtained by taking readings whenthe tank was full of water and none was flowing in or difference of the readings taken at any time duringthe flow of the water, subtracted from the zero difference,gives the effective head on the orifice or pipe. 6. Description of Orifices, Pipes, and Mouthpieces.—Table 1 gives a list of the orifices, pipes, and mouthpiecesused in these experiments. All the orifices and mouthpieceswere made of cast iron and were machined accurately tosize. The orifices were cut in 1/2—in. plates and the edgesbeveled^as in a standard orifice. One pipe was 2 in. ininside diameter and projected 5 l/2 in. out from the was used by the students in laboratory work as a shorttube. The other pipe was 22 l/S in. long and of 6—in, insidediameter. As shown in Fig. 2T it had a flange at the* rtflntAr 1 12. FIG. 2. PIPE USED WITH MOUTHPIECES. IS by which it was attached to the partition, the ends pro—jecting into^the two compartments. The mouthpieces areshown with dimensions in Pig. 3 and 4. They were threadedin order to attach them to either end of the pipe. Allthe mouthpieces were 6 in. in diameter at the smaller endand were made of varying lengths so that some were of suchlength that the area of the outer end was twice the areaof the pipe, others were three times the area of the pipe,,and one was of such length that the ratio of areas was1 to 4. , 7. Sources of Error.— Errors may he introduced in theexperiments in the following- ways, which will afterwardhe discussed separately: fa) Error in reading the hook gauges. (b-^) Error in determining the weight of the water, or fhg) Error in determining the rise in the pit. fc) Error in the measurement of the diameter of the pit. (d) Error in taking the time of t
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