Human anatomy, including structure and development and practical considerations . elfth year to pubertythe entire adenoid system of the pharynx enters upon a stage of retrogression. Inthe adult the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils are much smaller ; after middle age theyundergo atrophy. ^ Escat: Evolution de la Cavity Naso-Pharyngienne, 1894.^ Archiv f. mikro. Anat., Bd. xli., 1902. i6o4 HTMAX AXATO>n- THF MUSCLES OF THK PHARYNX. The arranjremcnt of the muscular tissue differs from the ordinary one of thedigesti\e tract, inasmucli as the outer layer is approximately circular and the lonjj;;i-tu
Human anatomy, including structure and development and practical considerations . elfth year to pubertythe entire adenoid system of the pharynx enters upon a stage of retrogression. Inthe adult the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils are much smaller ; after middle age theyundergo atrophy. ^ Escat: Evolution de la Cavity Naso-Pharyngienne, 1894.^ Archiv f. mikro. Anat., Bd. xli., 1902. i6o4 HTMAX AXATO>n- THF MUSCLES OF THK PHARYNX. The arranjremcnt of the muscular tissue differs from the ordinary one of thedigesti\e tract, inasmucli as the outer layer is approximately circular and the lonjj;;i-tudinal fibres are largely internal. The chief elements are the three constriclors,which overlap one another from below uj^ward, the sty/o-pharyyifreiis, the- palato-pharyngeus, and certain accessory and rather irregular bundles of muscular fibres. Fig. 1360. Condyles Internal aiteryInternal jug Central attaclimeiit of pharynx Mastoid—process Internalpterygoid Stvloid process -Digastric,-posterior belly Stylo-pharyngeusStylo-glossus—^ Stylo-hyoid Stylo-hyoidligament. Tip of great comu of , hyoid boneThyro-hyoid ligament?Superior cornu of thyroidcartilage Middleconstrictor Mandible Inferior constrictor I .inKitudinal muscle of trsopharus Muscles of pharytix from behind ; portion of interior constrictor has been removed. The superior constrictor (Figs. 1339, 1360) arises from the lower part of theinternal pterygoid plate, from the hamular process, the pterygo-mandibular ligamentwhich is stretched from it to the lingula of the lower jaw, from the neighboring endof the mylo-hyoid ridge, and frotn the side of the tongue. From this origin the fibrespass backward to meet their fellows in a median raphe, which almost the THK PHARYNX. 1605 entire length of the posterior wall of the pharynx, being attached above to thepharyngeal tubercle on the under side of the basilar process. The upper edge ofthe muscle is concave on either side, not reaching the base of the skull
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