. The Civil engineer and architect's journal, scientific and railway gazette. Architecture; Civil engineering; Science. 1850.] THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 359 exists in the physical constitution of the organs of hearing and seeina;, and the manner in which external nature affects tlie sen- soriuni through these organs; showing the difference between noises and musical sounds in the one case, and irregular and regular forms in the other. He e.\]dained that each musical sound was i)roduced by a number of e<|ual and regular impulses made upon the air, the frequency of whicli de
. The Civil engineer and architect's journal, scientific and railway gazette. Architecture; Civil engineering; Science. 1850.] THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 359 exists in the physical constitution of the organs of hearing and seeina;, and the manner in which external nature affects tlie sen- soriuni through these organs; showing the difference between noises and musical sounds in the one case, and irregular and regular forms in the other. He e.\]dained that each musical sound was i)roduced by a number of e<|ual and regular impulses made upon the air, the frequency of whicli determining the pitch of the sound; tlieir violence its loudness; and the nature of the material by which the impulses were made its <|uality or tone. In like manner, he showed that the effect upon the optic nerve produced by external objects is simply that of the action of light, and amen- able to the same laws. Variety of form being analogous to variety of pitch; variety of size to that of intensity or loudness; and variety of colour to that of quality or tone. Mr. Hay next explained the nature of the of sound, which result from the spontaneous division of the string of a monochord by the formation of nodes during its vibratory motion. He then showed how the harmonics of form could be evolved from the quadrant of a circle by tlie following process:—. Fi2. 1. Pin. 2. From a horizontal line MR, fig. 1, he produced two parallel vertical lines ML, and RS, indefinitely, and with a radius MR de- scribed, from the centre M, the quadrant OR. From O, he di- vided the arc of the quadrant into parts of i, i, i, A, ^, ^, and i. From the centre M, and through these divisions, he produced the lines MN, MP, MQ, MT, iMU, MV, and MS, until they met RS, forming the right-angled triangles MPR, MQR, MTR, MUR, MVR, and MSll. He then showed, that as the angles at the vertex of each of these triangles, contained respectively 45°, 30°, 22°, 30', 18°, 15°, 12°, 51', 2(>",
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