. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . all of them several times-as valuableper ton as the staple imports. Sometimes thereis a small export of wheat, but there is usually alarge surplus of shipping that must fall backupon coal, which fortunately Australia possessesat Newcastle, sixty miles north of Sydney. Withthis cargo many vessels go to East Indian andOriental ports—Batavia, Sourabaya, Singapore,Manila, Hong Kong. After discharging the coalthey can sometimes reload directly, but oftenanother though shorter ballast v
. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . all of them several times-as valuableper ton as the staple imports. Sometimes thereis a small export of wheat, but there is usually alarge surplus of shipping that must fall backupon coal, which fortunately Australia possessesat Newcastle, sixty miles north of Sydney. Withthis cargo many vessels go to East Indian andOriental ports—Batavia, Sourabaya, Singapore,Manila, Hong Kong. After discharging the coalthey can sometimes reload directly, but oftenanother though shorter ballast voyage must bemade to secure a cargo of Java sugar, Manilahemp, Siam or Burmah rice, or even Indian jute,grain, and seeds. From Newcastle (Australia)other vessels, usually sailers, depart to Hawaiifor sugar or to San Francisco, Portland, or PugetSound for wheat. Others, both sail and steam,carry coal cargoes to northern Chile for nitrateof SOTO,. By these various routes a large propor-tion, possibly a half, of the vessels that go outon the South African trunk route return to thenorth Atlantic by another Leading Routes of Ocean Commerce 77 China and Japan are likewise countries witha surplus of outgoing shipping, and Japan is anexporter of coal that is in common use as farsouth as Singapore, and it is sometimes sent toHawaii and the Pacific coast of the United surplus shipping of east Asia usually seekscargo in the Philippines, Java, or the United States;some vessels crossing the north Pacific and trans-ferring themselves from the ]\Iediterranean-Asiatictrunk to the South American by way of theAmerican-Oriental. Triangular voyages are often made in thesetransfers from route to route. Such a trianglein the north Atlantic is very pronounced. Brazil exports coffee very largely to the UnitedStates, and as the return trade is light, manyof the coffee ships load in American ports forEurope and return thence with European goodsto Brazil, completing a triangular voyage
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