The diseases and disorders of The diseases and disorders of the ox, with some account of the diseases of the sheep diseasesdisorderox00gres Year: 1889 ORIGIN OF DISEASE AND THE GERM THEORY. 157 ever, these associated functions concur in animals, and in man, not only when they are consciously and suitably directed to the removal of a pain-giving agent, but also when the pain cannot be thus removed, being due, as in disease, to causes of quite a different nature. In the former case the reactions are directed to measures of self-preservation, leading as they do, to redoubled efforts at defence,
The diseases and disorders of The diseases and disorders of the ox, with some account of the diseases of the sheep diseasesdisorderox00gres Year: 1889 ORIGIN OF DISEASE AND THE GERM THEORY. 157 ever, these associated functions concur in animals, and in man, not only when they are consciously and suitably directed to the removal of a pain-giving agent, but also when the pain cannot be thus removed, being due, as in disease, to causes of quite a different nature. In the former case the reactions are directed to measures of self-preservation, leading as they do, to redoubled efforts at defence, while in the latter case they may be not only not beneficial but even of a very harmful and even fatal character. When the pain results from morbid processes, the harm done by the reactions of the organisms is oftentimes excessive, while Fig. 17. the benefit is reduced to a minimum, or may be entirely absent. Thus, as in the case of ordinary physiological processes, so also in those which are called abnormal, certain remnants of 'antique customs' still remain to clog the wheels of more highly developed processes. Just as certain rudimentary structures, not only useless but even harmful, remain in higher animals to interfere with the working of newly-constituted organs, so, too, organisms may be said to make, now and-again, great and sometimes even fatal mistakes in the processes by which they attempt to throw off the results of injuries, or to atone for damaging changes. In other words, it seems that the working of normal physiological mechanisms may be said to entail even
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