Hardening, tempering, annealing and forging of steel; a treatise on the practical treatment and working of high and low grade steel .. . ill and strain out. Cutting dies consist of an upper male die or punch, andthe lower, or female die. They may be made in almost anysize and shape for cutting out flat blanks in tin, iron, steel, alumi-nium, brass, copper, zinc, silver, paper, leather, cloth, etc. Ordi-narily, the lower die Is hardened and tempered to a degree bestsuited for the work, while the punch is left comparatively soft,so that it can be hammered up when worn. Sometimes, as inthe case o
Hardening, tempering, annealing and forging of steel; a treatise on the practical treatment and working of high and low grade steel .. . ill and strain out. Cutting dies consist of an upper male die or punch, andthe lower, or female die. They may be made in almost anysize and shape for cutting out flat blanks in tin, iron, steel, alumi-nium, brass, copper, zinc, silver, paper, leather, cloth, etc. Ordi-narily, the lower die Is hardened and tempered to a degree bestsuited for the work, while the punch is left comparatively soft,so that it can be hammered up when worn. Sometimes, as inthe case of playing-card dies, it is preferable to reverse this andmake the punch hard, leaving the die soft. Circumstances de- 174 HARDENING^ TEMPERING AND ANNEALING. termine whether any or how much shear should be given to thecutting edge. For ordinary work in tin, brass, etc., a moderateamount of shear is desirable. These dies require to be made withthe utmost care, of materials specially adapted for the purpose,and by experienced and skillful workmen. Ordinarily, the steelcutting rings are welded to wrought-iron plates, after which they. :^iG. 125.—^die;. PIG. 127.—DIK. are hardened, carefully tempered and ground on special machin-ery. In some cases it is preferable to fasten the steel dies incast-iron chucks or die-beds by means of keys or screws. Thisapplies more particularly to small dies. For cutting thick iron,steel, brass, and other heavy metals both the die and punch should1)6 hard and provided with strippers. CHAPTER X. FORGING AND WELDING—TO ACCOMPLISH SATISFACTORY RESULTSIN THE FORGING OF STEEL AND IRON DROP FORGING. Welding Heats. In the welding of steel to steel or steel to iron without injur-ing the quality of the material, the process involved is one inwhich great care, judgment and skill are necessary, particularlyin dealing with the degrees of heat. Because of its greater flexi-bility the welding heat of steel should be lower than that of ironand thus the more f
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