Buddhism in its connexion with Brahmanism and Hinduism and in its contrast with Christianity . nent, ManusLaw-book (Book VI), that every twice-born man wasbound to be first an unmarried student (Brahma-cari),next a married householder, and then at the end of along life he was to abandon wife and family and be-come a Sannyasi, ascetic, or Bhikshu, mendicant,wandering from door to door. In fact, it was throughthese very states of life that Gautama himself, as aKshatriya, was theoretically bound to have passed. Hindu monks, therefore, were numerous before Bud-dhism. They belonged to various sects
Buddhism in its connexion with Brahmanism and Hinduism and in its contrast with Christianity . nent, ManusLaw-book (Book VI), that every twice-born man wasbound to be first an unmarried student (Brahma-cari),next a married householder, and then at the end of along life he was to abandon wife and family and be-come a Sannyasi, ascetic, or Bhikshu, mendicant,wandering from door to door. In fact, it was throughthese very states of life that Gautama himself, as aKshatriya, was theoretically bound to have passed. Hindu monks, therefore, were numerous before Bud-dhism. They belonged to various sects, and took variousvows of self-torture, of silence, of fasting, of poverty, ofmendicancy, of celibacy, of abandoning caste, rank, wifeand family. Accordingly they had various names. TheBrahman was called a Sannyasi, one who gives up theworld. Others were called Vairagi, free from afiec-tions; Yogi, seeking mystic union with the Deity;Dig-ambara, sky-clothed, naked; Tapasvi, practisingausterities ; Yati, * restraining desires ; Jitendriya,conquering passions; Sramana, undergoing discipline;. PORTRAIT OF MR. GAIJRI-SANKAR TJDAT-SANKAR, ,NOW STAMI SEI SACCIDANANDA-SAEASTATI. Seated, as a Bvahnian SannyasT, in (described at p. xiii uf tlie Preface). [To face pafie 74. NA:NrES GIVEN TO THE MONKS. 75 Bhikshu, living by alms; Xirgrantha, without names prove that asceticism was an ancient in-stitution. The peculiarity about Gautamas teaching inregard to monachism was that he discouraged ^ soHtaryasceticism, severe austerities, and irrevocable vows,though he enjoined moral restraint in celibate fraterni-ties, conformity to rules of discipline, upright conduct,and confession to each other. His usual mode of designating his monks was by theold term Bhikshu (PaU Bhikkhu), living by alms, to in-dicate their poverty. They were also called Sramaneraand Sramana (Pali Samanera, Samana), as subject tomonastic discipline-. Those who entered the streamleading to Arha
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1880, booksubjectbuddhism, bookyear188
