Steam turbines; a practical and theoretical treatise for engineers and students, including a discussion of the gas turbine . oshow the shape of the blades or vanes, as well as to illustrate the passage of steamfrom the nozzle into and through the blades. t See page 8. INTRODUCTION all the advantages of modern machine tools and appliances,with the result that an engine was produced which, in economy,compared well with our elaborate and complicated modernengines. In 1577 a German mechanician, it is said, used a turbine simi-lar to Heros to rotate reaming and burnishing tools, but fromthe time of
Steam turbines; a practical and theoretical treatise for engineers and students, including a discussion of the gas turbine . oshow the shape of the blades or vanes, as well as to illustrate the passage of steamfrom the nozzle into and through the blades. t See page 8. INTRODUCTION all the advantages of modern machine tools and appliances,with the result that an engine was produced which, in economy,compared well with our elaborate and complicated modernengines. In 1577 a German mechanician, it is said, used a turbine simi-lar to Heros to rotate reaming and burnishing tools, but fromthe time of Hero down to the seventeenth century there is norecord of progress in the development of steam heat engines. In1629 Branca, an Italian architect, designed a steam turbine(Fig. 4) resembling a water wheel, which was driven by theimpulse from a jet of steam directed by means of a nozzle uponsuitable vanes attached to thewheel. Brancas turbine en-gine, however, was not success-ful; and until the end of thenineteenth century, although inthe interval many steam tur-bines and other rotary engineswere patented, the piston or. reciprocating steam engine, Fig. 4. Brancas Turbine. under the leadership of Watt, had, commercially, an unrestricted field and remarkable results were accomplished. It is interesting to observe that the modern type of impulseturbine with a single row of blades like the one illustrated inFig. 1 is practically the same, except for details, as the historicBrancas wheel. The principal difference is that Brancas wheelwas not enclosed in a casing. Essential parts — the nozzle,the blades, the wheel, and the shaft — were practically the sameas in some modern machines. Probably if Branca had under-stood the laws of the expansion of steam as we do to-day, he couldhave made a successful prime mover of his turbine. Those whocame after him were aided not only by a superior knowledgebut also by the opportunities for scientific investigation and theskill of our present-da
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