. The trackman's helper, a handbook for track foremen, supervisors and engineers . en shouldnot raise track in tunnels without permission fromtheir superiors. The width of tunnels for standardgage track is never less than thirteen feet, and whenputting in ties in rock tunnels, it is cheapest to takeout two adjoining ones at the same time, even if one issound and must be put back when the new tie is putin. Fig. 50 will show how ties may be taken out orput in where the width of the tunnel is thirteen feetor more and the ties do not exceed eighteen to the rail. One tie (a) is taken out on one sid
. The trackman's helper, a handbook for track foremen, supervisors and engineers . en shouldnot raise track in tunnels without permission fromtheir superiors. The width of tunnels for standardgage track is never less than thirteen feet, and whenputting in ties in rock tunnels, it is cheapest to takeout two adjoining ones at the same time, even if one issound and must be put back when the new tie is putin. Fig. 50 will show how ties may be taken out orput in where the width of the tunnel is thirteen feetor more and the ties do not exceed eighteen to the rail. One tie (a) is taken out on one side and slewed in onedirection, and the other (b) on the opposite side and SPECIAL CONDITIONS ON MOUNTAIN ROADS 253 slewed the other way. Where rock does not interfereties may be taken out by digging a trench (c), slopingfrom the rail down and outward to the wall of thetunnel, then pull the tie to that side until the otherend can be raised over the other rail and the tie pulledout. As the back end of the trench need be only about ///fftf/f(fffff Line of Tunnel /f/////////////ff/s. TTmTTTmm T7777777? Line of Tunnel Replacing Ties in Tunnel Fig. 50. a foot deep, less ballast is handled than in the firstmethod, which should be employed only where a trenchcannot be dug. To line track in a long tunnel, get apole long enough to reach from wall to wall at a pointlevel with the top of the rail, then find and mark theexact center. Next make a mark at the center of the 254 THE TEACKMANS HELPER rail gage, lay the gage and the pole across the trackside by side and throw the track until the mark on thegage comes even with the mark on the pole. This maybe done to get centers at points fifty feet apart, andthen the track can be lined according to those the tunnel is dark a torch or lantern may be heldover the rail to give light. The foregoing in regard totunnels will apply also to track repairs in snow sheds. XVIII FROGS AND SWITCHES Turnouts. A turnout is a curved track by which acar
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