. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. G2 BLIND VERTEBRATES AND THEIR EYES. THE FISHES. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE EYES OF FISHES. It is not the intention to review the literature on the normal eyes of fishes. A list of papers dealing with their macroscopic aspect has been furnished by Ziegen- hagen in 1895, while those dealing with minute structure have been enumerated by Krause in 1886 and Cajal in 1894. The current literature is discussed periodi- cally by Virchow in "Die Ergebnisse der Anatomie und ; The topographical relationship of the cells of th
. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. G2 BLIND VERTEBRATES AND THEIR EYES. THE FISHES. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE EYES OF FISHES. It is not the intention to review the literature on the normal eyes of fishes. A list of papers dealing with their macroscopic aspect has been furnished by Ziegen- hagen in 1895, while those dealing with minute structure have been enumerated by Krause in 1886 and Cajal in 1894. The current literature is discussed periodi- cally by Virchow in "Die Ergebnisse der Anatomie und ; The topographical relationship of the cells of the retina obtained an entirely new light by the application of the methylene-blue method chiefly on the part of Dogiel, and the Golgi method principally through Ramon y Cajal. The layers of the retina of fishes as made out by Ramon y Cajal are as follows, beginning at the periphery and going toward the center of the eye: 1. Epithelial-pigment layer. 5. Horizontal cells. 8. Inner molecular layer. 2. Rods and cones. 6. Bipolar cells. 9. Ganglionic layer. 3. Outer nuclear layer. 7. Spongioblasts. 10. Optic fiber layer. 4. Outer molecular layer. Throughout this work the layers are designated on the figures and frequently in the text by these numbers. The literature bearing on the eyes of the blind species will be given under the different species. ^ie h°rizontal relations, especially the mosaic of the single and twin cones in the retinas of fishes, has been dealt with by •• Hanover, Miiller, Krause, Friis, Ryder, Beer, Eigenmann, and Shafer. It was found that in many fishes the single and twin cones form a regular mo- saic. The number of parts entering into each unit of the retinal mosaic is remark- ably constant for any species, but differs considerably in different species of fishes. The "shape" of the unit differs in different parts of the retina. The pattern may be made up of twin cones The axes or lines joining the centers of the components of each twin if
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