. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Fig. 1. -Average sunspot number preceding and following the coldest day ineach cold wave at Minneapolis. Winter of 1942-43. ceding the cold waves at Minneapolis and reached a maximum about1 day before the coldest This finding is illustrated by figure full curve represents the smoothed average result from six method of approach was to take maxima of spots, exceed-ing 50 on the Zurich scale, and average the departures from normaltemperature at several widely distributed stations in the United Statesfor the days of maxima of spots
. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Fig. 1. -Average sunspot number preceding and following the coldest day ineach cold wave at Minneapolis. Winter of 1942-43. ceding the cold waves at Minneapolis and reached a maximum about1 day before the coldest This finding is illustrated by figure full curve represents the smoothed average result from six method of approach was to take maxima of spots, exceed-ing 50 on the Zurich scale, and average the departures from normaltemperature at several widely distributed stations in the United Statesfor the days of maxima of spots, for 5 days preceding and 12 daysfollowing. The results are shown in figure 2. The dotted curve showsthe averages of sunspots, and the solid curves show the averages 1 Supplement to Solar Relations to Weather, by H. H. Clayton, April 1943. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 104. No. 19 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 104 Days before SP0T Day3 ^-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 10 12. Fig. 2.—Mean temperatures at Minneapolis, Cincinnati, Boston, and Jackson-ville, preceding and following marked maxima in sunspots. Winter of 1942-43. NO. 19 SUNSPOT CHANGES AND WEATHER CHANGES—CLAYTON 3 of the departures from normal temperature at Minneapolis, Cincin-nati, Boston, and Jacksonville during the winter of 1942-43. Minimaof temperature followed maxima of sunspots 1 and 3 days later atMinneapolis and occurred successively later at stations farther southand east. The lowest temperatures reached Boston 5 days after thepeak of sunspot activity and 6 to 7 days later at more southernstations on the Atlantic Coast. The results show that, following outbreaks of new sunspots, colderzveather develops north of the United States and moves southeastwardin the form of a zvave. A striking example of the relation between sunspot changes andchanges in temperature occurred in February 1943. There were twooutbreaks of sunspots, each followed by a severe cold wave. Figure 3sho
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