. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. Lobules in a state of portal venous congestion, as seen on the surface of the. liver. The congested part oc- cupies the margins of the lobules, the uncongested portion their centres. After Kiernan. dullary and occupying the centres of the lo- ; The causes of congestion are all such as tend to interfere with the circulation in the liver or with the general circulation ; for in- stance, impediment to the circulation of the blood through the capillaries of the lungs, diseases of the valves of the heart, aneurism,
. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. Lobules in a state of portal venous congestion, as seen on the surface of the. liver. The congested part oc- cupies the margins of the lobules, the uncongested portion their centres. After Kiernan. dullary and occupying the centres of the lo- ; The causes of congestion are all such as tend to interfere with the circulation in the liver or with the general circulation ; for in- stance, impediment to the circulation of the blood through the capillaries of the lungs, diseases of the valves of the heart, aneurism, &c. A slighter degree of obstacle produces congestion of the hepatic veins only, the venous turgescence being limited by the lobular ve- nous plexus. If the obstruction be greater, the lobular venous plexus itself is congested; if the cause continue, the congestion extends through the interlobular fissures into the neigh- bouring lobules, and in a more advanced de- gree the congestion spreads itself throughout the whole of the lobules, and becomes general. From the liver the congestion extends to the alimentary canal, and gives rise to intestinal haemorrhages, haemorrhoids, ascites, &c. The variety of appearance in the vascularity of the lobules in congestion, and the constancy of its occurrence, have deceived those patholo- gists who maintain the existence of two sub- stances, and the difference of position and form of the congested and uncongested portions has given cause for the diversity of opinion with regard to its situation. For a perfect elucida- tion of these difficulties, physiology is indebted to the genius and perseverance of Kiernan. The mode in which the attention of this author was drawn to the subject forms part of the his- tory of hepatic congestion, and deserves to be detailed in his own words. " My attention," he observes, " was first directed to the anatomy of the liver by the study of the admirable works of M. Andral. In the first o
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