. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. TRANSPARENCY IN GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON 343 Most transparent S. typa B foster! C welshi A okeni P. coronata B. infundibulum S aspera S, maxima C. spectabilis Pyrosoma sp C. limacina Least transparent •t I (!)• 3 3 (29)i • — f (55) i • (2)» 5 _ (13) >~ * 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 daytime depth in meters Figure 3. Transparency of species collected from Oceanographer Canyon in relation to depth of daytime distribution. Species are arranged from most transparent (Sibogita typa) to least transparent (Clione limac- ini
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. TRANSPARENCY IN GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON 343 Most transparent S. typa B foster! C welshi A okeni P. coronata B. infundibulum S aspera S, maxima C. spectabilis Pyrosoma sp C. limacina Least transparent •t I (!)• 3 3 (29)i • — f (55) i • (2)» 5 _ (13) >~ * 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 daytime depth in meters Figure 3. Transparency of species collected from Oceanographer Canyon in relation to depth of daytime distribution. Species are arranged from most transparent (Sibogita typa) to least transparent (Clione limac- inirt. Transparency values (filled circles) for each species are means of measurements taken from animals collected on the same cruise; bars are standard deviation of the mean, with number of specimens given in parentheses. Daytime depth ranges (bars) are taken from the literature. The number within each bar gives the reference from which it was taken: 1 = Mayer (1910); 2 = Youngbluth (pers. comm.); 3 = Lalli and Gilmer (1989); 4 = Wiebe et al. (1979); 5 = Anderson et al. (1992). ent members, all include transparent animals that either prey on, or are preyed upon by animals with well-devel- oped visual systems. In addition, many of these animals (in particular certain cnidarians, ctenophores, and chaeto- gnaths) prey upon copepods (Harbison et til., 1978; Madin. 1988; Baier and Purcell, 1997). Copepods do not have well-developed vision, but have been shown to react defensively to shadows (Buskey et al., 1986), and there- fore may react to opaque or translucent predators passing overhead. A large number of transparent animals are thus interacting with animals that respond to visual cues. Since, in general, transparent animals are more delicate and less agile than their visually oriented predators or prey, their success as predators or prey of such animals depends critically upon their sighting distance (the maxi- mum distance at which they are still detectable by a visu-
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
