. The geographical distribution of the family Charadriidae, or the plovers, sandpipers, snipes, and their allies . bis, 1871, p. 144), and appears in incredible numbers in Kordofan and Senaar in October,wintering also in Abyssinia (Heuglin, Orn. ii. p. 983) and in West Africa,where it has been recorded from Senegal, the Gambia (Hartlaub, Journ. Orn. 1854, p. 214),and the Gold Coast (Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 53). To Angola (Monteiro, Soc. 1869, p. 571), Damara-Land (Andersson, Birds of Damara-Land, p. 265), theCape Colony (Layard), and Natal (Ayres, Ibis, 1863, p.


. The geographical distribution of the family Charadriidae, or the plovers, sandpipers, snipes, and their allies . bis, 1871, p. 144), and appears in incredible numbers in Kordofan and Senaar in October,wintering also in Abyssinia (Heuglin, Orn. ii. p. 983) and in West Africa,where it has been recorded from Senegal, the Gambia (Hartlaub, Journ. Orn. 1854, p. 214),and the Gold Coast (Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 53). To Angola (Monteiro, Soc. 1869, p. 571), Damara-Land (Andersson, Birds of Damara-Land, p. 265), theCape Colony (Layard), and Natal (Ayres, Ibis, 1863, p. 329) it is probably only anaccidental winter visitor. 9 f. characters. Geographi-cal distribu-tion. Nearestallies. 258 GLAEEOLA. The Common Pratincole is most nearly allied to Nordmanns Pratincole, and Severtzowsays (Journ. Orn. 1875, p. 183) that intermediate forms between them occur in Turkestan,but I have never seen anything of the kind. The general direction of migration of theCommon Pratincole leads to the supposition that its ancestors were isolated during thePost-Pliocene Glacial Epoch in North GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS. ORIENTAL PRATINCOLE. Diagnosis. Glareola axillaribus castaneis : rectricum pogoniorum externorum basalibus partibus totis albiscauda non valde furcata (adultorum etiam minus quam 30 millim.). Variations. It is not known that this species is subject to any local variation. GLABEOLA. 259 Glareola orientalis, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 132 (1820). Glareola thermophila,) . . r Hodgson, Gray s Zool. Miscell. p. 86 (1844, young). Synonymy. Plates.—Gould, Birds of Australia, vi. pi. —Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. —Oates, Stray Feathers, vii. p. 49. Literature. The Oriental Pratincole may be diagnosed on three characters :—Axillaries chestnut;basal half of outer webs of tail-feathers white ; tail slightly forked, the central feathers lessthan an inch shorter than the outer ones. These characters are found in young as well asin a


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