. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. Washington, D. C. April, 1927 A STUDY IN HYPERPARASITISM, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PARASITES OF APANTELES MELANOSCELUS (RATZEBURG) By C. F. W. Muesebeck, Entomologist, and S. M. Dohanian, Assistant Entomol- ogist, Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth Investigations, Bureau of Entomology1 CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Extent of hyperparasitism 2 Systematic position of hyperparasites 3 Specific host relations 4 Feeding of adult hyperparasites 6 Part 7 Life cycle of Apantdes melanoscelus S Methods employed
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. Washington, D. C. April, 1927 A STUDY IN HYPERPARASITISM, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PARASITES OF APANTELES MELANOSCELUS (RATZEBURG) By C. F. W. Muesebeck, Entomologist, and S. M. Dohanian, Assistant Entomol- ogist, Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth Investigations, Bureau of Entomology1 CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Extent of hyperparasitism 2 Systematic position of hyperparasites 3 Specific host relations 4 Feeding of adult hyperparasites 6 Part 7 Life cycle of Apantdes melanoscelus S Methods employed 8 Data obtained from field collections of co- coons of Apantdes melanoscelus 10 Biology of the hyperparasitic species con- cerned in the parasitism of Apantdes melan- oscelus 12 Ichneumonidae 12 Cryptinae 12 Ophioninae 18 Biology of the hyperparasitic species con- cerned in the parasitism of Apantdes mdan- oscelus—Continued. Chalcidoidea 18 Chalcididae is Callimomidae 1 9 Eurytomidae 20 Eupelmidae 21 Encyrtidae Pteromalidae - Elasmidae Eulophidae. Coleoptera 32 Cleridae 32 Summary _ Literature cited 31 INTRODUCTION Insect hyperparasites, or parasites that attack other parasites, have often seriously interfered with the progress of studies in the biological control of injurious insect species and with the institution of this method of control on a practical basis. A primary parasite, imported for the purpose of combating an introduced injurious insect, may be overwhelmed by hyperparasites before it can succeed in firmly establishing itself in the region to which it has been trans- ported. In any case the hyperparasites will certainly delay very considerably the time when such primary parasite becomes sulli- ciently abundant appreciably to check the pest for the control of which it was introduced. Hyperparasitism is of such general occur- rence that it will be encountered in one form or another in practi- 1 The writers wish to record their Indebtedness to A. B. Gahan and H. A.
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