. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 218 J. YEN Escaping As mentioned in the introduction, routine swimming and feeding take place in low Re regimes and laminar fields, whereas escapes and captures occur at high Re realms in quasi-turbulent fields. During escapes, vortices and toroids are shed (Yen and Strickler. 1946). To achieve the power needed to move at escape speeds that can reach up to 1 m s~' (Fields. 1996). the copcpod executes a series of jumps that rely on its larger swimming logs rather than on the small cephalic appendages that are used for generat
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 218 J. YEN Escaping As mentioned in the introduction, routine swimming and feeding take place in low Re regimes and laminar fields, whereas escapes and captures occur at high Re realms in quasi-turbulent fields. During escapes, vortices and toroids are shed (Yen and Strickler. 1946). To achieve the power needed to move at escape speeds that can reach up to 1 m s~' (Fields. 1996). the copcpod executes a series of jumps that rely on its larger swimming logs rather than on the small cephalic appendages that are used for generating the feeding current or for travel via laminar cruising. During the recover)' stroke of swimming legs in a jump, the oar-like rami are feathered so they form a median longitudinal keel (Boxshall. 198?I. During the escape, the antennules arc folded against the hodv sides with legs flattened against the urosome and the caudal rami folded shut like a closed fan (Fig. 1). Analyses of high-speed jumps show that jets are formed when the swimming legs collapse against the uro- some during escape maneuvers (Strickler ci 1995: Liu. 1996). Examination of the copepod skeletal system reveals the design features for maximum efficiency in the jump (Boxshall. 1985). The prosome-urosome joint in copepods has a transverse pivot line with extensive arthrodial mem- brane (thinner than the cuticle) dorsally and ventrally that permits considerable dorsoventral, but little lateral, flexion. The evolution of the prosome with its complex ventral wall lacking articulation between sonnies appeals to have been closely linked to the perfection of the jumping mode of locomotion. Manlon (1977) stated that "the whole skeletal svstem concerned with the copepod's jump is of such strength as to prevent unwanted llexure which might detract from the force of the ; Contraction of the dorsal longitudinal musculature, which fans out laterally in the urosome to a broad dorsal-to-lateral inserti
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
