Sewage disposal . in itsapplication. Its success demands prompt and complete mix-ture with clean dry earth; and this is rarely attained. Theconditions which actually exist are various. The most primi-tive houses are provided with privy vaults for the excreta, butdischarge sink and other wastes directly on the surface of theground, with or without the medium of a drain. Combina-tions of privy vaults for excreta with cesspools for sink drain- PRIMITIVE METHODS OF DEALING WITH EXCRETA 3 age lead up to a better class of houses provided with cesspoolconnections for all wastes. The privy vault is ce
Sewage disposal . in itsapplication. Its success demands prompt and complete mix-ture with clean dry earth; and this is rarely attained. Theconditions which actually exist are various. The most primi-tive houses are provided with privy vaults for the excreta, butdischarge sink and other wastes directly on the surface of theground, with or without the medium of a drain. Combina-tions of privy vaults for excreta with cesspools for sink drain- PRIMITIVE METHODS OF DEALING WITH EXCRETA 3 age lead up to a better class of houses provided with cesspoolconnections for all wastes. The privy vault is certainly the most objectionable of thesecontrivances. It stores up quantities of human excreta in aslowly decomposing condition. It is generally loosely built, andthe material which it contains is more or less freely exposed tothe air and to the distributing agency of insects and higher ani-mals. It is subject to overflow and surface discharge at times ofheavy rain; and the material which it contains must generally. Fig. 1. Removal of Night-soil, Tokyo. be removed and otherwise disposed of at intervals, the processof handling causing fresh nuisance and menace to health. Awell-constructed cesspool is free from many of these material in it is, or should be, closed in, so that air-borneodors and the access of insects are prevented. If the sur-rounding soil be of a suitable sand, the liquid contents of thecesspool may so filter through it as to be efficiently a cesspool sometimes operates for years without filling upand without causing pollution of water or earth. Where, how-ever, a rocky or clayey soil is traversed by fissures, a leaching 4 SANITARY DEMAND FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL cesspool may constitute a serious menace to well waters, evenat considerable distances. A tight-walled cesspool, on the otherhand, resembles a privy vault in the danger that it may overflowand in the certainty that it must be emptied and the material init removed and carted away. T
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