. Defect estimation for grand fir in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. INDICATES DECAY Figure 3.—Basal injury with visible decay. *> 'Mi Tit I,) mum Figure 4.—Old, nearly grown-over basal injury. Inconspicuous injuries such as this one should not be overlooked because significant errors in volume estimates may Basal injuries include open or closed wounds—caused by fire (fig. 3), root rots, falling trees, or mechanical logging equipment—in contact with the ground (basal frost cracks should not be included here). They are the second most reliable defect indicator in gra
. Defect estimation for grand fir in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. INDICATES DECAY Figure 3.—Basal injury with visible decay. *> 'Mi Tit I,) mum Figure 4.—Old, nearly grown-over basal injury. Inconspicuous injuries such as this one should not be overlooked because significant errors in volume estimates may Basal injuries include open or closed wounds—caused by fire (fig. 3), root rots, falling trees, or mechanical logging equipment—in contact with the ground (basal frost cracks should not be included here). They are the second most reliable defect indicator in grand fir. Some basal scars are inconspicuous (fig. 4) and sometimes overlooked; thus significant errors in volume estimates may result. Basal injuries less than 6 years old should be ignored since little or no defect is associated with them. Trunk injuries include open or closed wounds—caused by falling trees, lightning, animals, and logging equip- ment (fig. 5)—below the merchantable top but not in contact with the ground. Wounds less than 6 years old and less than 1 foot long should be ignored (fig. 6).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Aho, Paul E. cn; Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Portland, Or. ). Portland, Or. : Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service
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