. Sanitary entomology; the entomology of disease, hygiene and sanitation. her wide range of hosts, including thedog, cat, man, and a number of wild animals, especially of the dog and 364 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY cat family. They are occasionally found on rats. They are quite widelydistributed throughout the temperate and tropical parts of the the United States they often occur as household pests, and in theCentral and Eastern States they usually take the place of the human fleaas parasites of man, most of the outbreaks in these regions being fromeither one or the other of these species. Th
. Sanitary entomology; the entomology of disease, hygiene and sanitation. her wide range of hosts, including thedog, cat, man, and a number of wild animals, especially of the dog and 364 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY cat family. They are occasionally found on rats. They are quite widelydistributed throughout the temperate and tropical parts of the the United States they often occur as household pests, and in theCentral and Eastern States they usually take the place of the human fleaas parasites of man, most of the outbreaks in these regions being fromeither one or the other of these species. The European rat flea Ceratophyllus fasciatus Bosc is ratherclosely restricted to the several species of rats and mice but it has beenfound to bite man in the absence of its preferred hosts and probablyalso will feed on other animals. It is the predominant rat flea in tliPUnited States and over the greater part of Europe, and in this regionmust be considered one of the principal vectors of plague. In the tropicsit is much less abundant, occurring only in the cool Fig. 68.—The European rat flea, Ceratophyllus fasciatus: Adult female. enlarged. (Bishopp.) Greatly The Tropical or Indian rat flea (Xenopsylla cJieopis Roth.) isundoubtedly the principal disseminator of bubonic plague in India andother parts of Asia. It is also now to be found in practically all theother tropical and subtropical countries of the world, but it is oftenrestricted to the seaport towns, as in the case of the United States, whereit appears not to have penetrated far inland. This species is primarily arat flea, being taken on all species of rats and mice, but it feeds readilyupon man and also will attack small domestic animals and some wild ones. The mouse flea {Cfenopsylla musculi Duges) is to be found in manyparts of the world but is especially abundant in Mediterranean Europe,Australia, and the southern part of the United States. It is often foundin numbers on rats as well as mice, but rarely bi
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