. California fruits and how to grow them. Fruit culture. Chang-es in Furrow System 142 California Fruits growers to resort to fewer and deeper fur- rows and to new devices to enable the tree to get the benefit of the water. There has been wide use of the subsoil plow, with a wedge- shaped foQt attached to a slim standard rising to the ordinary beam. The standard op- poses its thin edge to the soil so as to cleave it with the least difficulty, and the foot, pass- ing through or beneath the hardpan, lifts and breaks it. The result of the subsoiling is to open a way for the water to sink and spre
. California fruits and how to grow them. Fruit culture. Chang-es in Furrow System 142 California Fruits growers to resort to fewer and deeper fur- rows and to new devices to enable the tree to get the benefit of the water. There has been wide use of the subsoil plow, with a wedge- shaped foQt attached to a slim standard rising to the ordinary beam. The standard op- poses its thin edge to the soil so as to cleave it with the least difficulty, and the foot, pass- ing through or beneath the hardpan, lifts and breaks it. The result of the subsoiling is to open a way for the water to sink and spread below the hardpan. It is usual to run this plow once through the center of the in- terspace between the rows of trees, sometimes The handling of the water in the orchard has ma- terially changed in recent years. Instead of flooding up, basining, or using shallow furrows, deep furrows, from 3 to 5 feet apart, are most generally used. In heavy adobe soils more furrows are used than in the more porous granite soils. The most usual length of furrows is 40 rods. Every precaution is taken to have the surface wetted as little as possible. The amount of water run at a time is materially lessened. Formerly the common practice was to run 3 inches per acre for twenty-four hours each thirty days. Now. 2 inches continuous run for seventy-two hours is found to serve a much better purpose, ex- cept on loose soils. The general practice in the val- ley is to irrigate once each thirty days. A few of the most careful orchardists had found that by in- tellia;ent and thorough manipulation of tlie soil they. Newer system of furrow irrigation at Riverside, Cal. at right angles to the irrigation furrows. When this is done the water is admitted to the furrows as usual, but instead of flowing along smoothly it drops into the track of the subsoiler and runs there a long time before rising again to continue its course down the furrow. It is the experience of some growers that the water has taken five o
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