. Applied thermodynamics for engineers. ng chlorine, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, cyanogen,ammonia, and hydrochloric acid gas. The apparatus consisted simply of a closedtube, one end of which was heated, while the other was plunged in a freezing mix-ture. Pressures as high as 50 atmospheres were reached. Colladon supplementedthis apparatus with an expansion cock, the sudden fall of pressure through thecock cooling the gas; and in Cailletets hands this apparatus led to useful , utilizing the cooling produced by the evaporation of liquid carbon diox-ide, fir
. Applied thermodynamics for engineers. ng chlorine, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, cyanogen,ammonia, and hydrochloric acid gas. The apparatus consisted simply of a closedtube, one end of which was heated, while the other was plunged in a freezing mix-ture. Pressures as high as 50 atmospheres were reached. Colladon supplementedthis apparatus with an expansion cock, the sudden fall of pressure through thecock cooling the gas; and in Cailletets hands this apparatus led to useful , utilizing the cooling produced by the evaporation of liquid carbon diox-ide, first produced that substance in the solid form. Natterer compressed oxygento 4000 atmospheres, making its density greater than that of the liquid, but with-out liquefying it. Faraday obtained minimum temperatures of — 166° F. by theuse of solid carbon dioxide and ether in vacuo. 607. Liquefaction by Cooling. Andrews, in 1849, recognizing thelimiting critical temperature, proposed to liquefy the more permanent LIQUEFACTION OF GASES 449. Fig. 295. Art. GOT.—Lique-faction by Pressure audCooling. gases by combining pressure and cooling. Figure 295 shows theprinciple involved. Let the gas be com-pressed isothermally from F to a, expandedthrough an orifice along ah^ re-compressed toc, again expanded to c?, etc. A single cyclemight suffice with carbon dioxide, whilemany successive compressions and expansionswould be needed with a more permanent process continues, in all cases, until thetemperature falls below the critical point;and at x the substance begins to liquefy. The action depends uponthe cooling resulting from unrestricted expansion. With an abso-lutely perfect gas, no cooling would occur; the lines ab^ cd^ etc.,would be horizontal, and tliis method of liquefaction could not beapplied. The perfect gas, in point of fact, could not be common gases have been liquefied. 608. Modern Apparatus. Cailletet and Pictet, independently, in 1877,succeeded in liquef
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