. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. their dominions. At lastthe allies gained such advantages that the pride of the AustrianHapsburgs was humbled. Ferdinand III (1637-57), wno nadsucceeded his father Ferdinand II, consented to peace. Afternigh interminable delays a congress of ambassadors signedthe Peace of Westphalia, which gave rest to a weary land. 175. The Peace of Westphalia (1648). The Treaty ofWestphalia was a memorable document. Austria and theCatholic Powers solemnly recognized the rights of all Protes-tant states which had preserved their independence up
. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. their dominions. At lastthe allies gained such advantages that the pride of the AustrianHapsburgs was humbled. Ferdinand III (1637-57), wno nadsucceeded his father Ferdinand II, consented to peace. Afternigh interminable delays a congress of ambassadors signedthe Peace of Westphalia, which gave rest to a weary land. 175. The Peace of Westphalia (1648). The Treaty ofWestphalia was a memorable document. Austria and theCatholic Powers solemnly recognized the rights of all Protes-tant states which had preserved their independence up to1624 ;2 and the states of both religions were put on absolute 1 After the death of Gustavus, the real ruler of Sweden was the able chancellorOxenstierna, who ruled for the late kings infant daughter, Queen Christina:some of the Swedish commanders, , Torstenson, were highly capable soldiers,but they lacked the nobility of character which had sent their great sovereignupon his crusade. 2 This saved most of the Protestants of South Germany, but assented to. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS King of Sweden (1611-32)Born 1594 Died 1632 THE THIRTY YEARS WAR IN GERMANY 307 equality in all the affairs of that very shadowy federation stillcalled the Holy Roman Empire. A new electorate (aneighth) was created in the Lower Palatinate (a Rhine district)for the heirs of that unlucky Elector Frederick of the Palatin-ate, who had been evicted from his lands in favor of Bavaria:France was given a stripof territory -in Alsacealong the Rhine, Swe-den a large portion ofPomerania. The vari-ous German states,large and small, wereconfirmed in their localrights in so ample amanner that they prac-tically became indepen-dent nations in all butname, with only themost nominal overlord-ship by the political purposes,then, the Peace of West-phalia marks (1) thepractical, though notthe confessed, end ofthe mediaeval Empire, founded by Charlemagne and theOttos; (2) the admission of Protestants to the counc
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