Archive image from page 1152 of Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy (1914). Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy cunninghamstextb00cunn Year: 1914 ( PERMANENT TEETH. 1119 and m 58 per cent of European, Semitic, and Egyptian skulls; according to Zuckerkandl, in 73-5 per cent oi the lower races and 45-6 per cent of Europeans.) The third upper molar has three tubercles much more frequently than four amongst Europeans (four only in 36 per cent, although it has lour more frequently in certain lower races). It should be remarked that, while there are practically always four tubercles in the first molar,
Archive image from page 1152 of Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy (1914). Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy cunninghamstextb00cunn Year: 1914 ( PERMANENT TEETH. 1119 and m 58 per cent of European, Semitic, and Egyptian skulls; according to Zuckerkandl, in 73-5 per cent oi the lower races and 45-6 per cent of Europeans.) The third upper molar has three tubercles much more frequently than four amongst Europeans (four only in 36 per cent, although it has lour more frequently in certain lower races). It should be remarked that, while there are practically always four tubercles in the first molar, still there is a tendency to the disappear- ance of the postero-lingual one, which tendency grows more pronounced as we pass backwards to the second and third molars. The other tubercles are practically constant. The three roots of the upper molars (Figs. 881, 882, and 885) are, a large palatine, subcylmdrical m shape, and two labial roots, smaller and flattened from before back- wards. The palatine root, which is placed opposite the posterior labial root, is often united to one of the others. The lower part of the maxillarv sinus generally extends down between the palatine and the two labial roots (Fig. 879, p. 1113), but the latter project on its floor more frequently than the palatine root. In the last ntolars the three roots are frequently more or less united into a single conical process (Fig. 881). Lower Molars.—The crowns are more massive than those of the upper molars, and are elongated antero-posteriorly (Fig. 884). A crucial groove separates the four chief tubercles from Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine 1st premolar Fig. 884.—The Lower Permanent Teeth, viewed from above one another; this bifurcates behind to enclose the fifth, which lies slightly to the labial side of the middle of the tooth. The number of tubercles present in the lower molars is as follows: The first has usually five (62 per cent of all races, 61 per cent of Europeans); the second has f
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