. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Fig. 10.—Excess or defect of pressure at the Equinoxes (March andSeptember) with increased solar activity. On the other hand, when the sun is at the solstices in June andDecember the latitude differences are diminished and eftects due tocontrasts between land and water are accentuated. The greatestincrease of pressure with increased solar activity is over the con-tinents in winter and over the oceans in stimmer. This is an annualchange in contrast to the semi-annual period in latitude effects. Theannual effect is shown in figure ii. NO. 7 THE ATMOSlIIER
. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Fig. 10.—Excess or defect of pressure at the Equinoxes (March andSeptember) with increased solar activity. On the other hand, when the sun is at the solstices in June andDecember the latitude differences are diminished and eftects due tocontrasts between land and water are accentuated. The greatestincrease of pressure with increased solar activity is over the con-tinents in winter and over the oceans in stimmer. This is an annualchange in contrast to the semi-annual period in latitude effects. Theannual effect is shown in figure ii. NO. 7 THE ATMOSlIIERE AND THE SUN CLAYTON This chart is derived from the annual period in pressure as com-puted from the data by harmonic analysis. The areas outlined onthe chart show where the maximum increase of pressure occursat different seasons when solar activity is greater than normal. Inmid-winter the excess of pressure is greatest over the continentsin high latitudes. There is a defect in the same regions in Fig. II.—Regions in which highest pressure occurs at different seasonswith increased solar activity. Annual period. In spring the greatest excess occurs over the North Atlantic andNorth Pacific, and there is a defect in autumn. In autumn there isan excess in middle latitudes and a defect in spring. The results both for the semi-annual period and for the annualperiod were checked by an analysis of the data during periods oflow solar radiation which give in general the opposite effect. The shifting in position of maximum effect on the atmosphere inthe annual period is clearly related to surface conditions and may be l8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 82 explained by changes in the balance between incoming and outgoingradiation. In summer the land masses in high latitudes absorb solarheat and this absorption increases with increased solar is also an increase of cloudiness at that time which should playan important role in determining the effect of
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