. Roentgen interpretation; a manual for students and practitioners . ptosis and emph^^sema. It ishigh in adiposity, ascites and subphrenic abscess, eventration andhernia of the diaphragm. Eventration and hernia are both morecommon on the left side. In eventration, although considerablyelevated, its contour is preserved and movement is normal in direc-tion though limited. In hernia its outline is obscured and its move-ment paradoxical. In both cases the barium meal will demonstratethe position of the abdominal viscera. Pleural Effusions.—Pleural effusions obliterate the costodiaphrag-matic angl
. Roentgen interpretation; a manual for students and practitioners . ptosis and emph^^sema. It ishigh in adiposity, ascites and subphrenic abscess, eventration andhernia of the diaphragm. Eventration and hernia are both morecommon on the left side. In eventration, although considerablyelevated, its contour is preserved and movement is normal in direc-tion though limited. In hernia its outline is obscured and its move-ment paradoxical. In both cases the barium meal will demonstratethe position of the abdominal viscera. Pleural Effusions.—Pleural effusions obliterate the costodiaphrag-matic angle if small or the entire diaphragmatic shadow if they are LUNG FIELDS 131 extensive. It is worth noting that in rare cases fluid may beobtained from a chest that is roentgenologically negative. Subdiaphragmatic Abscess.—Subdiaphragmatic abscess causesmarked upward displacement of the shadow of the top is usually considerably flattened and excursion is fluid above the diaphragm may strongly resemblesubdiaphragmatic Fig. 107.—Encapsulated empyema. The process is between the lower and middle lobes. LUNG FIELDS. Technic.—Lung examination should include both fluoroscopy andplates, preferably in the erect position. AVhen the patients canhold their breath, stereoscopic plates have great value but they arenot necessities. In certain conditions examination in the prone,oblique and lateral positions should be made. It is usually advis-able to take both anteroposterior and postero-anterior plates. The 132 THE CHEST number and position of the plates to be taken may be determinedat the fluoroscopic examination. Normal Lung.—The normal lung markings consist of small areasof density at the hilus which often show calcified spots, and strandsof density corresponding to the bronchial tree spreading out throughthe lung fields for a considerable distance but never quite reachingthe plema. The descending bronchi on both sides are usually mor
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